File: Joule James sitting. jpg | James Prescott Joule ( 1818-1889 ): discovered that heat is a form of energy, ideas led to the theory of conservation of energy, worked with Lord Kelvin to develop the absolute scale of temperature, made observations on magnetostriction, found the relationship between current through resistance and the heat dissipated, now called Joule's law.

Because the conduction of current is related to Joule heating of the conducting body, according to Joule's first law, the temperature of a conducting body may change when it carries a current.

* Joule's law, P = EI

He worked with Lord Kelvin to develop the absolute scale of temperature, made observations on magnetostriction, and found the relationship between the current through resistance and the heat dissipated, now one of the two laws called Joule's law.

Carathéodory's paper asserts that its statement of the first law corresponds exactly to Joule's experimental arrangement, regarded as an instance of adiabatic work.

Joule's first law, also known as the Joule effect, is a physical law expressing the relationship between the heat generated by the current flowing through a conductor.

Joule's first law is sometimes called the Joule – Lenz law since it was later independently discovered by Heinrich Lenz.

In the context of resistive circuits and in light of conservation of energy and electrical potential, Joule's first law and Ohm's law are equivalent and derivable from each other ( as explained by James Clerk Maxwell in 1881,

Joule's first law states that the rate of heat dissipation in a resistive conductor is proportional to the square of the current through it and to its resistance.

By substituting this formula for current into one or both factors of current in Joule's law, the power dissipated can be written in the equivalent forms:

The relation is actually more generally applicable than either Joule's law or Ohm's law, as it represents the instantaneous power being applied to a circuit with voltage V across it and current I into it, whether the circuit is resistive or not.

In combination with either Ohm's law or Joule's law, it may be used to derive the other.

In the energy balance of groundwater flow ( see also Darcy's law ) an hydraulic equivalent of Joule's law is used:

* Joule's law

Besides the law named in his honor, Lenz also independently discovered Joule's law in 1842 ; to honor his efforts on the problem, it is also given the name the " Joule – Lenz law ," named also for James Prescott Joule.

According to Joule's Law, energy losses are directly proportional to the square of the current.

However, Joule's interest diverted from the narrow financial question to that of how much work could be extracted from a given source, leading him to speculate about the convertibility of energy.

Joule's laws are a pair of laws concerning the heat produced by a current and the energy dependence of an ideal gas to that of pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively.

As per Joule's Law for the perfect gas, Internal energy is the function of absolute temperature.

Grove was certainly familiar with William Thomson's theoretical analysis of Joule's experimental results and Thomson's immature suggestions of conservation of energy.

A power ratio 10log ( ratio ) dB is equivalent to a field-quantity ratio 20log ( ratio ) dB, since power is proportional to the square ( Joule's laws ) of the amplitude.

In his 1848 account of absolute temperature, Thomson wrote that " the conversion of heat ( or caloric ) into mechanical effect is probably impossible, certainly undiscovered " – but a footnote signalled his first doubts about the caloric theory, referring to Joule's " very remarkable discoveries ".

It does not point out that Joule's experimental arrangement performed essentially irreversible work, through friction of paddles in a liquid, or passage of electric current through a resistance inside the system, driven by motion of a coil and inductive heating, or by an external current source, which can access the system only by the passage of electrons, and so is not strictly adiabatic, because electrons are a form of matter, which cannot penetrate adiabatic walls.

For instance, in Joule's experiment, the initial system is a tank of water with a paddle wheel inside.

This relationship is known as Joule's First Law.

Joule's apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat in which the " Work ( thermodynamics ) | work " of the falling weight is converted into the " heat " of agitation in the water.

Much of the initial resistance to Joule's work stemmed from its dependence upon extremely precise measurements.

The collaboration lasted from 1852 to 1856, its discoveries including the Joule-Thomson effect, and the published results did much to bring about general acceptance of Joule's work and the kinetic theory.

Edison used a " bottom-up theoretical approach " when developing electric lighting, undertaking detailed analysis of the whole electric lighting system based on Joule's and Ohm's laws.

Joule's more exact measurements on equivalence were pivotal in establishing the kinetic theory at the expense of the caloric theory.

Despite the common belief that Edison did not use mathematics, analysis of his notebooks reveal that he was an astute user of mathematical analysis conducted by his assistants such as Francis Robbins Upton, for example, determining the critical parameters of his electric lighting system including lamp resistance by an analysis of Ohm's Law, Joule's Law and economics.

He formulated Joule's laws in 1840 and hoped to impress the Royal Society but found, not for the last time, that he was perceived as a mere provincial dilettante.

Joule's common standard of " economical duty " was the ability to raise one pound by a height of one foot, the foot-pound.

In many ways, this experiment offered the easiest target for Joule's critics but Joule disposed of the anticipated objections by clever experimentation.

However, in Germany, Hermann Helmholtz became aware both of Joule's work and the similar 1842 work of Julius Robert von Mayer.

Also in 1847, another of Joule's presentations at the British Association in Oxford was attended by George Gabriel Stokes, Michael Faraday, and the precocious and maverick William Thomson, later to become Lord Kelvin, who had just been appointed professor of natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow.

Though Thomson felt that Joule's results demanded theoretical explanation, he retreated into a spirited defence of the Carnot-Clapeyron school.

Though Thomson conducted no new experiments, over the next two years he became increasingly dissatisfied with Carnot's theory and convinced of Joule's.

" Like his brother Baldwin III, he was more of an academic than a warrior, who studied law and languages in his leisure time: " He was well skilled in the customary law by which the kingdom was governed – in fact, he was second to no one in this respect.

xiii, " Cum ad Sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae ") prescribes their work, determines how much they may charge for their labour, fixes a certain tax for an abstract or abridgment of twenty-five words, or their equivalent, 150 letters, forbids them to charge more, even though the abstract goes over twenty-five words but less than fifty words, enacts that the basis of the tax is the labour employed in writing, expediting, etc., the Bulls, and by no means the emoluments accruing to the recipient of the favour or benefice conferred by the Bull, and declares that whoever shall charge more than the tax fixed by him shall be suspended for six months from office, and upon a second violation of the law, shall be deprived of it altogether, and if the delinquent be an abbreviator, he shall be excommunicated.

In modern law, the title would have fallen into abeyance between the two daughters of the second son, and nobody else would have been able to claim it even if the abeyance were settled ; in 1597, the grandson of the third son claimed the title and its precedence.

* Conservation of Momentum: This equation applies Newton's second law of motion to a continuum, whereby force is equal to the time derivative of momentum.

The term is always positive since, according to the second law of thermodynamics, viscosity cannot add energy to the control volume.

The importance of the theory lay in the fact that it confirmed the kinetic theory's account of the second law of thermodynamics as being an essentially statistical law.

Courts generally interpret statutes that create new causes of action narrowly – that is, limited to their precise terms — because the courts generally recognize the legislature as being supreme in deciding the reach of judge-made law unless such statute should violate some " second order " constitutional law provision ( cf.

Whereas the first part of the film takes place in society restrained by law and order, the second part, including the flashback scene, occurs in the world of individuals and thus the characters seen in the first part of the film are revealed in their true form.

* Entropic forces: According to the second law of thermodynamics, a system progresses to a state in which entropy is maximized.

The second law is offered as a simple observation in the same essay ; its status as Clarke's Second Law was conferred on it by others.

Indeed, in those cases where no clear consensus exists on a given norm, the drafting of criminal law by the group in power to prohibit the behaviour of another group may seem to some observers an improper limitation of the second group's freedom, and the ordinary members of society have less respect for the law or laws in general — whether the authorities actually enforce the disputed law or not.

The fact that a catalyst does not change the equilibrium is a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics.

When a body is acted upon by external contact forces, internal contact forces are then transmitted from point to point inside the body to balance their action, according to Newton's second law of motion of conservation of linear momentum and angular momentum ( for continuous bodies these laws are called the Euler's equations of motion ).

In bicameral legislatures, there may be a process laid out for second or third readings of bills before a new law can enter into force.

Most identities in chemical thermodynamics arise from application of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, particularly the law of conservation of energy, to these state functions.

The second book which was a rebuttal of Say's law had little influence on contemporary economists.

Now ( from 10 December 2007 ), in order of Italian legislation system, the law is before the House and has to be passed also by the Camera dei Deputati, the second house of Italian Parliament, to become an effective law.

: ( Newton's second law of motion )

The second feature requires special legislation and a special legal framework, as it cannot be reproduced via standard contract law.