Julian the Apostate ( 359-61 ) tried to revive the Delphic oracle, but failed.

After Constantius ' death in 361, his successor Julian the Apostate, a devotee of Rome's pagan gods, declared that he would no longer attempt to favor one church faction over another, and allowed all exiled bishops to return ; this had the objective of further increasing dissension among Christians.

Ammianus served as a soldier in the army of Constantius II ( and possibly Julian the Apostate ) in Gaul and Persia.

Portrait of Julian the Apostate on a bronze coin of Antioch

Fourth exile: under Apostate Emperor Julian, 10 months Oct 362 – 5 Sep 363 ; in the Egyptian desert.

To orthodox churchmen he was a bigoted supporter of the Arian heresy, to Julian the Apostate and the many who have subsequently taken his part he was a murderer, a tyrant and inept as a ruler ".

* Against Julian the Apostate

* 361 – Julian the Apostate enters Constantinople as sole Emperor of the Roman Empire.

With the exception of a short period of eclipse, he enjoyed the complete confidence both of Constantine and Constantius II and was the tutor of the later Emperor Julian the Apostate ; and it was he who baptized Constantine the Great on May 22, 337.

* Julian the Apostate

While at Athens, he developed a close friendship with his fellow student Basil of Caesarea and also made the acquaintance of Flavius Claudius Julianus, who would later become the emperor known as Julian the Apostate.

In 362, the last pagan Roman Emperor, Julian the Apostate, announced plans to rebuild the Jewish Temple.

The historians Rufinus and Theodoretus record that the shrine was desecrated under Julian the Apostate around 362, the bones being partly burned.

Julian (, ; 331 / 332 – 26 June 363 ), commonly known as Julian the Apostate or Julian the Philosopher, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363 and a noted philosopher and Greek writer.

His rejection of Christianity in favour of Neoplatonic paganism caused him to be called Julian the Apostate ( Ἀποστάτης or Παραβάτης " Transgressor ") by the church.

Julian the Apostate presiding at a conference of sectarians, by Edward Armitage, 1875

The city was called Lutetia ( more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, " Lutetia of the Parisii "), during the Roman era of the 1st to the 6th century, but during the reign of Julian the Apostate ( 360 – 363 ), the city was renamed Paris.

In the 4th century, Christianity was eventually taken up by the emperor Constantine, although one of his successors Julian the Apostate renounced it for paganism and again persecuted the Church.

* Julian the Apostate, Roman Emperor ( d. 363 )

The popularity of mystery cults flourished in Late Antiquity ; Julian the Apostate in the mid 4th century is known to have been initiated into three distinct mystery cults.

Then the priest blesses kolyva ( boiled wheat with honey and raisins ) which is distributed to the faithful in commemoration of the following miracle worked by St. Theodore on the First Saturday of Great Lent: Fifty years after the death of St Theodore, the emperor Julian the Apostate ( 361-363 ), as a part of his general policy of persecution of Christians, commanded the governor of Constantinople during the first week of Great Lent to sprinkle all the food provisions in the marketplaces with the blood offered to pagan idols, knowing that the people would be hungry after the strict fasting of the first week.

* November 6 – Emperor Constantius II raises in Mediolanum ( Italy ), his cousin Julian the Apostate to the rank of Caesar.

Constantine and all his successors, except Julian the Apostate, were beardless.

* 357 – Battle of Strasbourg: Julian, Caesar ( deputy emperor ) and supreme commander of the Roman army in Gaul, wins an important victory against the Alemanni at Strasbourg ( Argentoratum ).

In the meantime, Julian had won some victories against the Alemanni tribe, who had once again invaded Roman Gaul.

By Roman custom, February 24 is the day added to a leap year in the Julian calendar.

In contrast, in the predominantly Greek-speaking eastern half of the Roman empire ( Byzantium ), many commentators of the subsequent centuries, such as Oribasius, physician to the emperor Julian who compiled a Synopsis in the 4th century, preserved and disseminated Galen's works, making Galenism more accessible.

The Julian calendar is a reform of the Roman calendar introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC ( 708 AUC ).

* 363 – Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.

* 362 – Roman – Persian Wars: Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with a Roman expeditionary force ( 60, 000 men ) and stays there for nine months to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire.

Despite having received no military education, Julian proved to be an able military commander, obtaining an battle of Strasbourg | important victory in Gaul and leading a Roman army under the walls of the Sassanid Empire's capital.

In 358, Julian gained victories over the Salian Franks on the Lower Rhine, settling them in Toxandria in the Roman Empire, north of today's city of Tongeren, and over the Chamavi, who were expelled back to Hamaland.

Julian certainly had a clear idea of what he wanted Roman society to be, both in political as well as religious terms.

After gaining the purple, Julian started a religious reformation of the state, which was intended to restore the lost strength of the Roman state.

The Arabs conquered the territory that would become Morocco in the 7th and 11th centuries, at the time under the rule of various late Byzantine Roman princips and indigenous Berber and Romano-Berber principalities, such as the one of Julian, count of Ceuta, laying the foundation for the emergence of the Morish culture.

* 363 – Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sassanid capital, but is unable to take the city.

** Julian of Norwich ( Roman Catholic )

In the Middle Ages in Europe a number of significant feast days in the ecclesiastical calendar of the Roman Catholic Church came to be used as the beginning of the Julian year:

* 355 – Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with the government of the Prefecture of the Gauls.

Fasti Antiates Maiores — Painting of the Roman calendar about 60 BC, before the Julian reform.

The first undisputed mention of the Saxon name in its modern form is from 356, when Julian, later the Roman Emperor, mentioned them in a speech as allies of Magnentius, a rival emperor in Gaul.