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Justinian rebuilt his birthplace in Illyricum, as Justiniana Prima, more in a gesture of imperium than out of an urbanistic necessity ; another " city ", was reputed to have been founded, according to Procopius ' panegyric on Justinian's buildings, precisely at the spot where the general Belisarius touched shore in North Africa: the miraculous spring that gushed forth to give them water and the rural population that straightway abandoned their ploughshares for civilised life within the new walls, lend a certain taste of unreality to the project.
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Justinian and rebuilt
The city was sacked by the Samaritans in 529, but rebuilt by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. Bethlehem was conquered by the Arab Caliphate of ' Umar ibn al-Khattāb in 637, who guaranteed safety for the city's religious shrines.
During the Samaritan revolt of 529, Bethlehem was sacked and its walls and the Church of the Nativity destroyed, but they were rebuilt on the orders of the Emperor Justinian I.
Justinian also rebuilt the Church of Hagia Sophia ( which cost 20, 000 pounds of gold ), the original site having been destroyed during the Nika riots.
Justinian had the city rebuilt, but on a slightly smaller scale.
Justinian I immediately orders that the dome be rebuilt.
Justinian I orders the dome rebuilt.
* Justinian I re-consecrates Hagia Sophia after its dome is rebuilt.
It was rebuilt by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I and for a while called Triaditsa or Sredets by the slavonic tribes.
Justinian also tore down the aging Church of the Holy Apostles and rebuilt it on a grander scale between 536 and 550.
In 528, Emperor Justinian I created the new province of Theodorias out of the coastal belt around Laodicea, which was rebuilt and fortified against the increasing Persian threat.
* 551: City destroyed by earthquake and tsunami and rebuilt with the help of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I.
Some historians believed that Komplos was rebuilt by Emperor Justinian.
Destroyed by Huns in the 5th century, it was rebuilt by Justinian I ( 527-565 ).
Another templon roughly contemporary to Hagia Sophia ’ s is that of the church to St. John of Ephesus, rebuilt by Justinian as a domed crucifix.
The Byzantine Emperor Justinian I rebuilt the Fortress around 535.
Viminacium was devastated by Huns in the 5th century, but rebuilt by Justinian.
Viminacium was destroyed in 441 by the Attila the Hun, but rebuilt by Justinian I.
The last period of prosperity was during the reign of Justinian ( 527-565 ) when the defensive walls were rebuilt and reinforced, but the attacks of Slavs and Avars eventually end the existence of the ancient town.
According to ancient historians, Emperor Constantine built a structure that was later rebuilt and enlarged by Emperor Justinian after the Nika riots of 532, which devastated the city.
Justinian I had a fortified wall around it rebuilt in the 6th century.
Byzantine emperor Justinian I rebuilt Singidunum in 535, restoring the fortress and city to its former military importance.
The Romans called the city Macissus, and after the city was rebuilt by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian ( 527-565 ), it was renamed Justinianopolis.
Subsequently rebuilt by Justinian, this second Byzantine era church was still standing in the 720s, and possibly into the early 9th century.
The bridge was apparently rebuilt by the Emperor Justinian I in 540 AD.
Justinian and birthplace
The ancient town of Tauresium, the birthplace of Justinian I, located in today's Republic of Macedonia.
After Scupi was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake in 518 AD, Justinian, according to his historian Procopius in " De Aedificiis " ( On the Buildings ), built a new city near his birthplace Tauresium and Bederiana ( believed to be today's villages Taor and Bader ) at the fertile entry point of the River Lepenec into the Vardar, making Skopje the city of Justiniana Prima.
The connection is based on the assumption that the village Taor which is located near Skopje is Tauresium, Justinian I's birthplace, and by the description of Justininiana Prima by Procopius that suits Skopje's fortress ( Kale ), the Old Bazaar and the aqueduct which are still landmarks of Skopje.
The city was a completely new foundation in honour of the nearby village of Tauresium ( identified with today's village of Taor in the Republic of Macedonia, near Skopje ), the birthplace of Justinian.
Justinian and Illyricum
Furthermore, Justinian restored cities damaged by earthquake or war and built a new city near his place of birth called Justiniana Prima, which was intended to replace Thessalonica as the political and religious center of the Illyricum.
Justinian sent the new magister militum per Illyricum, Constantianus, to recover Dalmatia, and ordered Belisarius to cross into Italy.
The establishment is seen as part of the feud between Justinian and the Archbishop of Eastern Illyricum, who was a papal vicar.
Justinian himself ordered the foundation of the city by law in 535, establishing the Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima, making it at the same time the capital of the prefecture of Illyricum instead of Thessaloniki ( although this is disputed among historians ).
Justinian and Justiniana
Justiniana Prima was a legendary city founded by Justinian I, who reigned over the Byzantium ( the Eastern Roman Empire ) in 527-565.
Likewise, the intention of Justinian I to move the capital to his new city of Justiniana Prima in the 540s remained unfulfilled.
In 545 Justinian issued another law underlining the episcopal rights and status of Justiniana Prima, which is also confirmed by letters that were exchanged between Justinian and Pope Gregory I at the end of the 6th century.
Justinian and more
Moreover, Justin II was moving away from the foreign policy of Justinian, and believed in dealing more strictly with bordering states and peoples.
Justinian, who had always had a keen interest in theological matters and actively participated in debates on Christian doctrine, became even more devoted to religion during the later years of his life.
He forced Justinian I to pay him 5, 000 pounds of gold, plus 500 pounds of gold more each year.
Near the end of his life, Justinian became ever more inclined towards the Monophysite doctrine, especially in the form of Aphthartodocetism, but he died before being able to issue any legislation which would have elevated its teachings to the status of dogma.
Though many delegates emerged in the East subservient to Justinian, many, especially the Monophysites, remained unsatisfied ; all the more bitter for him because during his last years he took an even greater interest in theological matters.
Justinian made the traffic more efficient by building a large granary on the island of Tenedos for storage and further transport to Constantinople.
In the 540s, Audoin ( ruled 546 – 565 ) led the Lombards across the Danube once more into Pannonia, where they received Imperial subsidies, as Justinian encouraged them to battle the Gepids.
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, and the legal developments comprising more than a thousand years of jurisprudence from the Twelve Tables ( c. 439 BC ) to the Corpus Juris Civilis ( AD 529 ) ordered by the emperor Justinian I.
* Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague, spread from Egypt, kills at least 230, 000 in Constantinople ( before counting stops ) and perhaps two million or more in the rest of the Empire.
It is also sometimes referred to as the Code of Justinian, although this name belongs more properly to the part titled Codex.
Justinian once more ascended the throne, breaking the tradition preventing the mutilated from Imperial rule.
Justinian was more interested in punishing his subjects at Ravenna and Cherson.
Probably also the property of the Platonist school, which in the time of Proclus was valued at more than 1000 gold pieces, was confiscated ; at least, Justinian deprived the physicians and teachers of the liberal arts of the provision-money which had been assigned to them by previous emperors, and confiscated funds which the citizens had provided for spectacles and other civic purposes.
In order to face the mounting pressure, in the more distant provinces of the West, recently regained by Justinian I ( r. 527 – 565 ), Emperor Maurice ( r. 582 – 602 ) combined supreme civil and military authority in the person of an exarch, forming the exarchates of Ravenna and Africa.
Justinian had given military authority to the governors of individual provinces plagued by brigandage in Asia Minor, but more importantly, he had also created the exceptional combined military-civilian circumscription of the quaestura exercitus and abolished the civilian Diocese of Egypt, putting a dux with combined authority at the head of each of its old provinces.
The imperial forces and guards in the city could not keep order without the cooperation of the circus factions which were in turn backed by the aristocratic families of the city ; this included some families who believed they had a more rightful claim to the throne than Justinian.
In the Byzantine Empire, there seems to have been more cheating ; Justinian I's reformed legal code prohibits drivers from placing curses on their opponents, but otherwise there does not seem to have been any mechanical tampering or bribery.
After the riots, which had been supported by the upper-class Senators, John, who had the same lower-class background as Justinian, became even more important in political affairs.
After the 6th century there were no churches built which in any way competed in scale with these great works of Justinian, and the plans more or less tended to approximate to one type.
A century later, the Byzantine emperor Justinian I sent a force under his general Belisarius, which, contrary to contemporary expectations, succeeded in destroying the Vandal kingdom ; Byzantine rule lasted one and a half century more, increasingly contested by the Berbers and, after the 640s AD, by the coming of the Arabs, who finally secure control over the entire region by 700.
Justinian swiftly enacted new legislation to deal more efficiently with the glut of inheritance suits being brought as a result of victims dying intestate.
As emperor, Leo III, introduced more administrative and legal reforms than had been promulgated since the time of Justinian.
Belisarius, a Cataphract General ( heavy cavalry ) more attuned to direct approaches is no stranger to either intrigues or indirect methods — so is a good choice for the crystalline emissary to contact within the Byzantine political situation as he must work with imperfect tools, including the suspicious Byzantine Emperor Justinian I and the Empress Theodora to thwart the hidden Malwa plotting and invasion.
Another circumstance which renders the work of Gaius more interesting to the historical student than that of Justinian, is that Gaius lived at a time when actions were tried by the system of formulae, or formal directions given by the praetor before whom the case first came, to the judex to whom he referred it.
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