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Kraepelin proposed that by studying case histories and identifying specific disorders, the progression of mental illness could be predicted, after taking into account individual differences in personality and patient age at the onset of disease.
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Kraepelin and by
The term " manic-depressive illness " or psychosis was coined by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin in the late nineteenth century, originally referring to all kinds of mood disorder.
It was popularized by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin ( 1856 – 1926 ) in 1893, 1896 and 1899 in his first detailed textbook descriptions of a condition that would eventually be reframed into a substantially different disease concept and relabeled as schizophrenia.
Kraepelin, regarding the major psychoses as naturally occurring disease entities, reduced the complex psychiatric taxonomies of the nineteenth century by dividing them into two classes: manic depressive psychosis or dementia praecox.
From the outset, dementia praecox was viewed by Kraepelin as a progressively deteriorating disease from which no one recovered.
However, by 1913, and more explicitly by 1920, Kraepelin admitted that although there seemed to be a residual cognitive defect in most cases, the prognosis was not as uniformly dire as he had stated in the 1890s.
This has been described as a psychiatric redefinition of Cesare Lombroso's theories of the ' born criminal ', conceptualised as a ' moral defect ', though Kraepelin stressed it was not yet possible to recognise them by physical characteristics.
Kraepelin's assumption of a moral defect rather than a positive drive towards crime has also been questioned, as it implies that the moral sense is somehow inborn and unvarying, yet it was known to vary by time and place, and Kraepelin never considered that the moral sense might just be different.
The division of the major psychoses into manic depressive illness ( now called bipolar disorder ) and dementia praecox ( now called schizophrenia ) was made by Emil Kraepelin, who attempted to create a synthesis of the various mental disorders identified by 19th century psychiatrists, by grouping diseases together based on classification of common symptoms.
However, with typical thoroughness he prepared himself for his new duties by spending the summer working in Heidelberg with Emil Kraepelin on measuring the effects of fatigue.
In 1931 he became director of the German Psychiatric Research Institute in Munich, which was previously founded by Emil Kraepelin.
In fact, Schneider's mixing of the medical and the moral has been described as the most noteworthy aspect of this work, which has been linked back to German reception of Cesare Lombroso's theory of the ' born criminal ', redefined by Emil Kraepelin and others ( see also Koch ) in to psychiatric terms as a ' moral defect '.
Anhedonia, or a reduced ability to experience pleasure, is a feature of full-blown schizophrenia that was commented on by both Kraepelin and Bleuler.
While there, he was examined by the prominent German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin and diagnosed with the catatonic form of dementia praecox.
* Richard Noll, " Styles of psychiatric practice, 1906-1925: Clinical evaluations of the same patient by James Jackson Putnam, Adolf Meyer, August Hoch, Emil Kraepelin and Smith Ely Jelliffe ," History of Psychiatry, 2004, 10: 145-189.
His task was to expand an earlier collection of art created by the mentally ill and started by Emil Kraepelin.
Kraepelin and case
Alzheimer is credited with identifying the first published case of " presenile dementia ", which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer's disease.
Kraepelin and specific
Kraepelin also demonstrated specific patterns in the genetics of these disorders and specific and characteristic patterns in their course and outcome.
Kraepelin postulated that there is a specific brain or other biological pathology underlying each of the major psychiatric disorders.
Kraepelin and disorders
Kraepelin was confident that it would someday be possible to identify the pathologic basis of each of the major psychiatric disorders.
Kraepelin used the term ' manic depressive insanity ' to describe the whole spectrum of mood disorders, in a far wider sense than it is usually used today.
* Emil Kraepelin introduces the concept of dementia praecox in the classification of mental disorders, distinguishing it from mood disorder in his Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie ( 4th edition ).
Kraepelin and mental
The three terms that Kraepelin used to refer to the end state of the disease were " Verblödung " ( deterioration ), Schwachsinn ( mental weakness ) or Defekt ( defect ).
Kraepelin announced that he had found a new way of looking at mental illness.
Kraepelin believed that schizophrenia had a deteriorating course in which mental function continuously ( although perhaps erratically ) declines, while manic-depressive patients experienced a course of illness which was intermittent, where patients were relatively symptom-free during the intervals which separate acute episodes.
This led Kraepelin to name what we now know as schizophrenia, dementia praecox ( the dementia part signifying the irreversible mental decline ).
Martin Brune has pointed out that Kraepelin and Rudin also appear to have been ardent advocates of a self-domestication theory, a version of social darwinism which held that modern culture was not allowing people to be weeded out, resulting in more mental disorder and deterioration of the gene pool.
Emil Kraepelin ( 1856 – 1926 ) introduced new medical categories of mental illness, which eventually came into psychiatric usage despite their basis in behavior rather than pathology or etiology.
Kraepelin and illness
It has been described as remarkable that Kraepelin now considered mood disturbances to be not part of the same category, but only attenuated ( more mild ) phases of manic depressive illness ; this corresponds to current classification schemes.
The categorical view of psychosis is most associated with Emil Kraepelin, who created criteria for the medical diagnosis and classification of different forms of psychotic illness.
Kraepelin and could
One day, for a practical joke, Nissl ( who was an active campaigner against human consumption of alcohol ) placed a row of empty beer bottles outside his laboratory and made sure that Kraepelin heard that he could be found lying under his desk, dead drunk.
Kraepelin and be
Kraepelin contrasted this with manic-depressive psychosis, in which he included not just what would be termed bipolar disorder today but also other forms of mood disorder, including major depressive disorder.
Although " dementia " is part of the name of the disease, Kraepelin did not intend it to be similar to senile dementia and rarely used this term to refer to the end state of the disease.
Kraepelin believed the chief origin of psychiatric disease to be biological and genetic malfunction.
Kraepelin would be a disciple of Wundt and had a lifelong interest in experimental psychology based on his theories.
Kraepelin is specifically credited with the classification of what was previously considered to be a unitary concept of psychosis, into two distinct forms ( known as the Kraepelinian dichotomy ):
Kraepelin and after
* 1910 – In his book Clinical Psychiatry, Emil Kraepelin gives a name to Alzheimer's disease, naming it after his colleague Alois Alzheimer.
For this research he was well fitted after his work under Kraepelin at Heidelberg.
Kraepelin and personality
Kraepelin, in 1921, identified an " excitable personality " that closely parallels the borderline features outlined in the current concept of borderline.
It has been described as remarkable that Schneider criticized Kraepelin and others for basing their personality diagnoses on moral judgements, yet appeared to do so himself.
Kraepelin and age
In 1886, at the age of 30, Kraepelin was named professor of psychiatry at the University of Dorpat ( today the University of Tartu ) in what is today Estonia ( see Burgmair et al., Vol IV ).
Kraepelin retired from teaching at the age of 66, spending his remaining years establishing the Institute.
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