In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988, " Kristallnacht came ... and everything was changed.

After Kristallnacht in 1938 as persecution of Jews escalated, Hausdorff became more and more isolated.

After the Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany, Allende and other members of the Parliament sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews.

Kristallnacht was followed by further economic and political persecution of Jews, and is viewed by historians as part of Nazi Germany's broader racial policy, and the beginning of the Final Solution and The Holocaust.

; 1933-1945: The German Nazi persecution started with the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses in 1933, reached a first climax during the Kristallnacht in 1938 and culminated in the Holocaust of the European Jewry.

Referring to the Nazi Kristallnacht rampage against Jews in 1938, Goodman wrote shortly afterwards: "... the program of persecution has stirred up our hearts and minds as nothing else that has happened before has done.

After Kristallnacht ( 9 November 1938 ), Popitz protested the mass persecution of Jews by offering his resignation, which was refused.

* 1938 – Nazi German diplomat Ernst vom Rath dies from the fatal gunshot wounds of Jewish resistance fighter Herschel Grynszpan, an act which the Nazis used as an excuse to instigate the 1938 national pogrom, also known as Kristallnacht.

Historian Walter Bussmann argued that Pacelli, as Cardinal Secretary of State, dissuaded Pope Pius XI – who was nearing death at the time – from condemning the Kristallnacht in November 1938, when he was informed of it by the papal nuncio in Berlin.

Kristallnacht also served as a pretext and a means for the wholesale confiscation of firearms from German Jews.

In the ten months following Kristallnacht, more than 115, 000 Jews emigrated from the Reich.

Specifically, the Nazis managed to achieve in Kristallnacht all the theoretical targets they set for themselves: confiscation of Jewish belongings to provide finances for the military buildup to war, separation and isolation of the Jews, and most importantly, the move from the antisemitic policy of discrimination to one of physical damage, which began that night and continued until the end of World War II.

Avant-garde guitarist Gary Lucas's 1988 composition " Verklärte Kristallnacht ", which juxtaposes the Israeli national anthem, " Hatikvah ", with phrases from " Deutschland Über Alles " amid wild electronic shrieks and noise, is intended to be a sonic representation of the horrors of Kristallnacht.

Schwab, who was born in Germany of Jewish parents in 1925, witnessed the events of Kristallnacht as a boy and was interested in the Grynszpan case from the 1940s.

The Göppingen synagogue, constructed in 1881, was destroyed during the Kristallnacht from 9-10 November 1938.

Fritz Thyssen resigned from the Council of State after November 9th 1938 Kristallnacht, was arrested in 1940, and spent the remainder of the war in a sanatorium and in concentration camps.

Two months before Kristallnacht, he and his family escaped from Germany.

The SA attacked Jewish population here during Kristallnacht, later, during Second World War a forced labour camp was established near the city, from which 31 Poles managed to escape.

The breaking point for Thyssen was the violent pogrom against the Jews in November, 1938 known as Kristallnacht, which caused him to resign from the Council of State.

* Nazi anti-Jewish policy in the 1930s, from the boycott through Kristallnacht

As a passport control officer for the British embassy in Berlin, Foley " bent the rules " and helped thousands of Jewish families escape from Nazi Germany after Kristallnacht and before the outbreak of the Second World War.

During the Kristallnacht of November 1938, Schmeling provided sanctuary for two young Jewish boys to safeguard them from the Gestapo.

The goings-on during the Kristallnacht were nevertheless well known in the Low Countries, as for instance from the Dutch-German border the synagogue in Aix-la-Chappelle could be seen burning, being only 3 miles away.

On the other hand, the Jewish boycott of German goods following Kristallnacht showed the economic power and global unity of the Jews.

Moro-Giafferi shared the fears of the Grynszpan committee at the time of Kristallnacht that a political trial would be a catastrophe for the Jews of Germany and elsewhere.

Despite the false charges, Fritsch remained loyal to the Nazi regime, and maintained his firmly held belief Germany was faced with an international Jewish conspiracy out to ruin the Reich After the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 1938, Fritsch wrote in a letter to a friend on 22 November 1938 that " Of course the battle with international Jewry has now officially began, and as a natural consequence that will lead to war with England and the United States, the political bastions of the Jews ".

The " Kristallnacht " pogrom is seen as the symbolic beginning of the systematic eradication of Jewish people which had started with the discrimination and exclusion of the German Jews since 1933 and which eventually led to the murder of millions Jewish people and so-called " enemies of the German state ": homosexuals, criminals and " asocial " people, members of diverse religious communities, people with mental disabilities, political ‘ offenders ’ such as communists and socialists, Spanish republican refugees, and minorities like Roma and Sinti and others.

Despite the emotional satisfaction afforded the Nazis by carrying out their antisemitism with direct violence, Kristallnacht was considered by Hitler to have been a political disaster both within Germany and internationally.

Kershaw found that the majority of Bavarians disapproved of the violence of Kristallnacht pogrom, and that despite the efforts of the Nazis, continued to maintain social relations with the members of the Bavarian Jewish community.

Kristallnacht, example of physical damage

Example of physical effect of Kristallnacht

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In 1938, it coincided with the Kristallnacht, and in 1939 with the attempted assassination of Hitler by Georg Elser.

In 1938, with the outbreak of violence that would come to be known as Kristallnacht, American Orthodox rabbi Mnachem HaKohen Risikoff wrote about the central role he saw for Priests and Levites in terms of Jewish and world responses, in worship, liturgy, and teshuva, repentance.

Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, with some comparing it to the murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia in the 1880s.

Many decades later, association with the Kristallnacht anniversary was cited as the main reason against choosing 9 November (" Schicksalstag "), the day the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, as the new German national holiday ; a different day was chosen ( 3 October 1990, German reunification ).

The German band BAP published a song titled Kristallnaach in their Cologne dialect, dealing with the emotions of the Kristallnacht.

Grynszpan's assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath on November 7, 1938 in Paris ( in revenge for the expulsion of his family ), provided the Nazis with a convenient pretext for the Kristallnacht, the antisemitic pogrom of November 9 – 10, 1938.

He was accused of keeping Jewish property seized after Kristallnacht in November 1938 ; he was charged with spreading untrue stories about Göring – such as alleging that his daughter Edda was conceived by artificial insemination, and he was confronted with his excessive personal behaviour, including unconcealed adultery, several furious verbal attacks on other Gauleiters and striding through the streets of Nuremberg cracking a bullwhip ( this last is portrayed in the 1944 Hollywood film ' The Hitler Gang '.

The June 1990 Mineriad in particular was widely criticized both at home and internationally, with one historian ( Andrei Pippidi ) comparing the events to Nazi Germany's Kristallnacht.

Topics dealt with include Aryan ideology, Kristallnacht, Antisemitism, and the American response to Nazi Germany.

In December 1938-January 1939, Goerdeler had a further series of meetings with Young in Switzerland, where he informed Young that the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 1938 had been ordered by Hitler personally, and was not a " spontaneous " demonstration as the Nazis had claimed.

Buchanan discovered documents related to Union Banking Corporation's business dealings with Fritz Thyssen, the Nazi industrialist who broke with the Nazis after Kristallnacht in 1938 and fled to Switzerland during World War II ; together with Stacy Michael, Buchanan wrote an article about it for the New Hampshire Gazette, accusing one of the directors of the bank, Prescott Bush, of dealing with the Nazis.

However, after the Kristallnacht pogroms in November 1938, the orchestra has maintained a de facto ban on Wagner's work, due to that composer's antisemitism and the association of his music with Nazi Germany.