* Deutsche Aussenpolitik 1933-1945 ; Kalkül oder Dogma ?, Stuttgart, W. Kohlhammer 1970, translated by Anthony Fothergill into English as The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich, London: Batsford, 1973, ISBN 0-520-02528-8.

* Stanford J. Shaw, Turkey and the Holocaust: Turkey's Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution, 1933-1945, New York: New York University Press ; London, MacMillan Press, 1993

As an Alsatian before the first World War he was of course of German nationality ; ;

Khrushchev, for all his bombastic prophecies about the inevitable decay of capitalism, is genuinely favorable to `` peaceful coexistence '' and would like, above all, the Berlin and German problems to be settled peacefully ; ;

The two older boys, Hans and Anders, his junior by a year, therefore went daily to the home of a warm and friendly wigmaker nearby for instruction in German ; ;

Since the magnitude of the plan made secrecy impossible, once the wheels had began to turn, persons controlling German industries, social institutions, and armed forces became, through their anti-Semitism or their tolerance of it, conscious accomplices of Hitler's crimes ; ;

a collection of English, French and German coins, valued at $500 ; ;

In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper which was consistently supportive ; most of the state's 130, 000 German Americans voted Democratic but there was Republican support that a German-language paper could mobilize.

He learned the Polish language at home and the Russian language in schools ; and having a French governess and a German governess, he became fluent in these four languages as a child.

The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language: words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, and berg are used in German speaking regions: mont and aguille in French speaking regions ; and monte or cima in Italian speaking regions.

Some of the French dialects spoken in the French and Swiss Alps derive from Old Provençal ; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages.

An abbot ( from Old English abbod, abbad, from Latin abbas (“ father ”), from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς ( abbas ), from Aramaic ܐܒܐ / אבא (’ abbā, “ father ”); confer German Abt ; French abbé ) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East hegumen or archimandrite.

The High German consonant shift is thought to have originated around the 5th century either in Alemannia or among the Lombards ; before that the dialect spoken by Alemannic tribes was little different from that of other West Germanic peoples.

He was the first German noble to support Luther's ideas and in 1544 founded the University of Königsberg ( the so called Albertina ) as a rival to the Roman Catholic Cracow Academy ; it was only the second Lutheran university in the German states, after Marburg.

He added a pulpit " in German style " of bronze, gold and silver, surmounted by an arch with a rood cross in the same materials ; these were examples of the lavish decorations added to important churches in the years before the conquest.

* 1983 – The German magazine Der Stern claims that the " Hitler Diaries " had been found in wreckage in East Germany ; the diaries are subsequently revealed to be forgeries.

Auschwitz had for a long time been a German name for Oświęcim, the town by and around which the camps were located ; the name " Auschwitz " was made the official name again by the Germans after they invaded Poland in September 1939.

Alexander Grothendieck was born in Berlin to anarchist parents: a Ukrainian father from an ultimately Hassidic family, Alexander " Sascha " Shapiro aka Tanaroff, and a mother from a German Protestant family, Johanna " Hanka " Grothendieck ; both of his parents had broken away from their early backgrounds in their teens.

* 1529 – The Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism ; a group of rulers ( German: Fürst ) and independent cities ( German: Reichsstadt ) protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant Reformation.

In 1804, the German chemist Friedrich Sertürner isolated from opium a " soporific principle " (), which he called " morphium " in honor of Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams ; in German and some other Central-European languages, this is still the name of the drug.

The career of Eichmann made the Trial a potential showcase for anti-Semitic demoralization: fearful of being mistaken for a Jew, he seeks protection in his Nazi uniform ; ;

He was a regent for the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems during the Nazi occupation of Vichy France which implemented the eugenics policies there ; his association with the Foundation led to allegations of collaborating with the Nazis.

From the mid-1930s on, National Socialist ideologues attacked the anthroposophical world-view as being opposed to Nazi racist and nationalistic principles ; anthroposophy considered " Blood, Race and Folk " as primitive instincts that must be overcome.

* 1945 – The Nazi occupation army surrenders and leaves Northern Italy after a general partisan insurrection by the Italian resistance movement ; the puppet fascist regime dissolves and Benito Mussolini tries to escape.

During the war, Trumbo received letters from individuals " denouncing Jews " and using Johnny to support their arguments for " an immediate negotiated peace " with Nazi Germany ; Trumbo reported these correspondents to the FBI.

In terms of the British perspective, " It was necessary for the Nazi régime and / or the German Generals to surrender unconditionally in order to bring home to the German people that they had lost the War of themselves ; so that their defeat should not be attributed to a ' stab in the back '.

However, among other disabilities Husserl was unable to publish his works in Nazi Germany ; cf., above footnote to Die Krisis ( 1936 ).

The first concentration camps were under the direct command of SS – Polizei-führer Globocnik, and operated by SS Police battalions and Trawnikis — volunteers from Eastern Europe ; whereas the SS-Totenkopfverbände managed the Nazi Concentration Camps such as Dachau and Ravensbrück.

Most Holocaust historians identify six German Nazi extermination camps, all in occupied Poland ; two of them, Chełmno and the Auschwitz II, in the western Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany ( October 1939 ), four in the General Government area.

Finland's foreign politics before this deal had been varied: independence from Imperial Russia with support of Imperial Germany in 1917 ; participation in the Russian Civil War ( without official declaration of war ) alongside the Triple Entente 1918 – 1920 ; a non-ratified alliance with Poland in 1922 ; association with the neutralist and democratic Scandinavian countries in the 1930s ended by the Winter War ( 1939 ); and finally in 1940, a rapprochement with Nazi Germany, the only power able to protect Finland against the expansionist Soviet Union, leading to the Continuation War in 1941.

This type of graffiti can seem crude ; for example fascist supporters often scrawl swastikas and other Nazi images.

In Nazi Germany, even hobbies were regimented ; all private clubs ( whether they be for chess, football, or woodworking ) were brought under the control of KdF and, in turn, the Nazi Party.

The Enabling Act formed the basis for the dictatorship, dissolution of the Länder ; the trade unions and all political parties other than the Nazi Party were suppressed.

Subsequently in July the Centre Party was voluntarily dissolved in a quid pro quo with the Pope under the anti-communist Pope Pius XI for the Reichskonkordat ; and by these manoeuvres Hitler achieved movement of these Catholic voters into the Nazi party, and a long-awaited international diplomatic acceptance of his regime.

Himmler joined the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) in August 1923 ; his Party number was 14, 303.

Himmler and Heydrich wanted to extend the power of the SS ; thus, they urged Hitler to form a national police force overseen by the SS, to guard Nazi Germany against its many enemies at the time — real and imagined.

As many as 500, 000 Soviet prisoners of war died or were executed in Nazi concentration camps over the course of the war ; most of them were shot or gassed.

Nazi racial policies, including the notion that people who were racially inferior had no right to live, date back to the earliest days of the party ; Hitler discusses this in Mein Kampf.

By the end of the war, at least 5. 5 million Jews had been killed by the Nazi regime ; most estimates range closer to six million.

Hitler and the Nazi regime had similar plans for the Poles ; intellectuals were to be killed, and most other Poles were to be only given a fourth-grade education.

It is not that the facts of the persecution were unavailable ; ;

Under Ambrose's major influence, emperors Gratian, Valentinian II and Theodosius I carried on a persecution of Paganism .< ref name = " MacMullen1984p100 "> MacMullen ( 1984 ) p. 100: ‘ The law of June 391, issued by Theodosius [...] was issued from Milan and represented the will of its bishop, Ambrose ; for Theodosius — recently excommunicated by Ambrose, penitent, and very much under his influence < sup > 43 </ sup > — was no natural zealot.

The Diocletianic Persecution ( 303 – 11 ), the Empire's last, largest, and bloodiest official persecution of Christianity, did not destroy the Empire's Christian community ; indeed, after 324 Christianity became the empire's preferred religion under its first Christian emperor, Constantine.

Although further persecutionary edicts followed, compelling the arrest of the Christian clergy and universal acts of sacrifice, the persecutionary edicts were ultimately unsuccessful ; most Christians escaped punishment, and pagans too were generally unsympathetic to the persecution.

All public officials were to swear an oath of loyalty to the monarch as the supreme governor or risk disqualification from office ; the heresy laws were repealed, to avoid a repeat of the persecution of dissenters practised by Mary.

" In the longer text of the Martyrs of Palestine, chapter 12, Eusebius states: " I think it best to pass by all the other events which occurred in the meantime: such as [...] the lust of power on the part of many, the disorderly and unlawful ordinations, and the schisms among the confessors themselves ; also the novelties which were zealously devised against the remnants of the Church by the new and factious members, who added innovation after innovation and forced them in unsparingly among the calamities of the persecution, heaping misfortune upon misfortune.

* English persecution and Russian presechenie ( пресечение ; persecution, suppression, injunction )

Fox commissioned two Friends to travel around the country collecting the testimonies of imprisoned Quakers, as evidence of their persecution ; this led to the establishment in 1675 of Meeting for Sufferings, which has continued to the present day.

It originated in a time of persecution of the Jewish people, when European Jews had turned inward to Talmud study ; many felt that most expressions of Jewish life had become too " academic ", and that they no longer had any emphasis on spirituality or joy.

Official persecution ended in 1787 ; a faculty of Protestant theology was established at Montauban in 1808, and the Lausanne seminary was finally closed on 18 April 1812.

Sea otters are vulnerable to oil spills and the indirect effects of overfishing ; the black-footed ferret, a relative of the European polecat, suffers from the loss of American prairie ; and wolverine populations are slowly declining because of habitat destruction and persecution.

However, John A. T. Robinson and other scholars argued for a much earlier dating, based on the fact that the New Testament writings make no mention of ( 1 ) the Great Fire of Rome ( A. D. 64 ), one of the most destructive fires in Roman history, which Emperor Nero blamed on the Christians, and led to the first major persecution of believers ; ( 2 ) the final years and deaths of Paul, who wrote most of the epistles, Peter, whom Catholics recognize as the first pope, and the other apostles ; ( 3 ) Nero's suicide ( A. D. 68 ); or ( 4 ) the total destruction of the temple in Jerusalem ( A. D. 70 ), which Robinson thought should certainly have appeared, considering the importance of that event for Jews and Christians of that time.

However, immediately afterward Roman-Persian conflict led to the persecution of the church by the Sassanid King Khosrau I ; this ended in 545.

In doing so, he provoked the ire of the country's rulers and of the priests of the sects he criticized ; he was subjected to persecution which included an attempted beheading and at least two exiles.

For between Nero and Domitian there is no mention of any persecution of the Roman Church ; and Irenaeus ( 1. c., III, iv, 3 ) from among the early Roman bishops designates only Telesphorus as a glorious martyr.

At the beginning of the 7th century, there were probably twenty-five titular churches in Rome ; even granting that, perhaps, the compiler of the Liber Pontificalis referred this number to the time of Marcellus, there is still a clear historical tradition in support of his declaration that the ecclesiastical administration in Rome was reorganized by this pope after the great persecution.

The martyrdom of Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji 9th Guru to protect Hindus from religious persecution, in Delhi, on 11 November 1675 AD, is another example of upholding minority religious freedom ; he gave his life to protect the right of Kashmiri Hindus to practice their own religion when they were being forced to convert to Islam by Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor at the time.

( For example, Tertullian taught that Christians should never flee from persecution, and that widows who remarried were committing adultery ; both teachings contradicted the epistles and actions of the Apostle Paul.

Historians until recently have given Grant's presidency the worst rankings ; however, his reputation has significantly improved because of greater appreciation for his foreign policy and civil rights achievements, particularly: avoiding war with Britain and Spain, the Fifteenth Amendment, persecution of the Ku Klux Klan, enforcement of voting rights, and his Indian Peace Policy.

To escape the gods ' persecution, Xena and Gabrielle fake their deaths, but their plan goes awry when Ares buries them in an ice cave where they sleep for 25 years ; during that time, Eve is adopted by the Roman nobleman Octavius and grows up to become Livia, the Champion of Rome, and a ruthless persecutor of Eli's followers.

* 1021: the ruling Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister Sitt al-Mulk, which leads to the open persecution of the Druze by Ismaili Shia ; the Druze proclaimed that Al-Hakim went into hiding ( ghayba ), whereupon he would return as the Mahdi savior.