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Kublai gains a preliminary victory and war booty of 146 captured Song Dynasty naval ships.
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Kublai and victory
By this time, Kublai Khan had defeated Ariq Böke, and both Kublai and Phagpa must have felt that the construction of the stupa in the Sakya monastery had gained religious merit that contributed to Kublai's military victory and other achievements.
Kublai and war
His death sparks a succession crisis in the Mongol Empire, while his brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai soon convene their own kuriltai to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four – year-long civil war from 1260 to 1264.
This slight will not be forgotten by Kublai, but he is unable to assault the Song due to the civil war with his rival brother Ariq Böke.
Although Hulagu was allied with Kublai Khan, his forces were unable to help in the assault against the Song, due to Hulagu's war with the Golden Horde.
Kublai made preparations to take Ezhou, but a pending civil war with his brother Ariq Böke — a rival claimant to the Mongol Khaganate — forced Kublai to move with the bulk of his forces back north.
Kublai Khan won the war eventually, though his claim as the successor to Mongke was only partially recognized by the Mongols in the west.
After Möngke Khan died in 1259, a war of succession between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke began.
After Berke gave his allegiance to Kublai, Alghu declared war on Berke, seizing Otrar and Khorazm.
Kublai successfully took power, but civil war ensued, as Kublai sought, unsuccessfully, to regain control of the Chagatayid and Ogedeid families.
After the succession war between Kublai Khan and his brother Ariq Böke, Ariq limited Kublai's real power to the eastern part of the empire, Kublai officially issued an imperial edict on December 18, 1271 to name the country " Great Yuan " ( Dai Yuan, or Dai On Ulus ) to establish the Yuan Dynasty.
Möngke's death led to the 4-year succession war between his two younger brothers: Kublai Khan and Ariq Boke.
Though Kublai Khan eventually won the battle against Ariq Boke, the succession war essentially marked the end of the unified Mongol empire.
Enraged by this humiliation and the disgrace committed against his envoy and his patience, in late 1292 the great Kublai Khan sent a massive 1, 000 war junks for a punitive expedition that would arrived off the coast of Tuban, Java in early 1293.
When Kublai returned for an election in 1260, rival factions could not agree, and elected simultaneous claimants Kublai and Ariq Boke to the throne, resulting in a war for succession which marked the beginning of civil war in the Mongol Empire.
Eventually, as the war continued between Ariq Boke and his brother Kublai, Ariq Boke's forces weakened.
Kublai and captured
* Kublai Khan, who became a Khagan claimant in the previously year, releases 75 Song Dynasty Chinese merchants from captivity after they had been captured along the border of his Empire and the Southern Song Dynasty of China.
Genghis captured Sorghaghtani Beki, daughter of Toghrul ' brother Jaqa Gambu, and married her to his son Tolui ; they had several children, including Möngke, Kublai, Hulagu, and Ariq Böke.
For his resistance to Kublai Khan's invasion of the Song, and for his refusal to yield to the Yuan Dynasty despite being captured and tortured, he is a popular symbol of patriotism and righteousness in China.
In 1278, Wen was captured by the invading Yuan armies of Kublai Khan, " offered " a Yuan post, and ordered to convince the remaining Song forces to surrender.
He eventually let himself be captured and put in exile, knowing that his miracles and compassion would eventually lead to Kublai Khan having a change of heart which did in fact happen.
Kublai and Song
In the Middle Ages, the Mongol Empire's campaign against China ( then comprising the Western Xia Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, and Southern Song Dynasty ) by Genghis Khan until Kublai Khan, who eventually established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, with their armies was extremely effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas.
* 1268 – The Battle of Xiangyang, a six-year battle between the Chinese Song Dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.
* 1273 – January 31 – The six-year long battle of Xiangyang ends as commander of the Song Dynasty's forces surrender to Kublai Khan.
* 1279 – March 19 – Kublai Khan's Mongol Yuan Dynasty defeats the Song Dynasty in the Battle of Yamen.
* February – The court of the Southern Song Dynasty of China and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from Hangzhou to Fujian and then Guangdong in an effort to escape an invasion by Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty.
* January 31 – The 6-year-long battle of Xiangyang ends as the commander of the Song Dynasty's forces surrender to Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty.
* May 21 – Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate with Song Dynasty Chancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of the Yangzi River is destroyed by a Chinese army of the Southern Song Dynasty.
* Kublai Khan publicly reprimands his own officers for executing 2 Song Dynasty Chinese generals without trial or investigation.
* In the first major battle in 5 years since the Song Dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River after Mongke Khan's failed invasion in 1259, Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province.
* The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song Dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.
Meanwhile, armed forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court.
* March 19 – Battle of Yamen: Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty defeats and ends the Song Dynasty, and becomes the emperor of all China.
After two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khan's armies conquered the Song Dynasty in 1279.
Kublai continued the assault against the Song, gaining a temporary foothold on the southern banks of the Yangtze.
Lü Wenhuan, commander-in-chief of the Southern Song Dynasty, surrendered to Kublai Khan in 1273.
However, the Song China was difficult to conquer because of the strategic location of Xiangyang, hence a vital position for Kublai to capture and hold.
Kublai and Dynasty
* 1294 – Temür, grandson of Kublai, is elected Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty with the reigning titles Oljeitu and Chengzong.
Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, wanting to adopt the customs of China, established the Yuan Dynasty.
Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the Ming Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty, although Kublai Khan distrusted handing over provincial control.
* 1271 – Kublai Khan renames his empire " Yuan " ( 元 yuán ), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of Mongolia and China.
From 1260s onwards, they were directly controlled by the Yuan Dynasty of the Great Khagan Kublai ( r. 1260-1294 ).
* Kublai Khan, Khan ruler, founder of Yuan Dynasty in China
Kublai Khan moved his capital to present-day Beijing and renamed his empire the Yuan Dynasty, reflecting the new eastward focus of the empire.
* 1270 – In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins against the Goryeo Dynasty, a puppet government of Kublai Khan.
* 1271 – December 18 – Kublai Khan renames his empire " Yuan " ( 元, yuán ), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of China.
* 1274 – November 20 – The Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan attempts the first of several invasions of Japan ; after capturing outlying islands, the Yuan forces are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun ' ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.
* 1275 – Marco Polo purportedly visits Shangdu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Yuan Dynasty.
* 1279 – A diplomatic party of the Yuan Dynasty sent by Kublai Khan to Japan is killed by Japan's regent Hōjō Tokimune, leading to a second invasion attempt by the Mongols in 1281.
Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty established control over the Khmer empire in Cambodia, the Pagan Empire in Myanmar, and a kingdom of Laos, but failed a second attempted invasion of Japan and was twice defeated in attempted invasions of Vietnam.
Jews continued to be persecuted across Europe, while Taoists suffered under Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty in China.
* 1283 – Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty invades the Khmer empire of present-day Cambodia ; King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire.
* 1286 – In Laos, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a coup d ' état led by his son Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan.
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