As a result, former party chairpersons Fritz Kuhn and Claudia Roth ( who had been elected to parliament that year ) were no longer able to continue in their executive function and were replaced by former party secretary general Reinhard Bütikofer and former Bundestag member Angelika Beer.

According to Kuhn, each new paradigm re-writes the history of its science to present by selection and distortions the former paradigm as its forerunner.

Ernst Kuhn divided the Indo-Chinese languages, plus Chinese, into northern and southern groups in 1883, sub-dividing the former into two primary branches:

Initially the countercurrent exchange mechanism and its properties were proposed in 1951 by professor Werner Kuhn and two of his former students who called the mechanism found in the Loop of Henle in mammalian kidneys a Countercurrent multiplier and confirmed by laboratory findings in 1958 by Professor Carl W. Gottschalk.

Blackstone co-founder Peter George Peterson | Peter Peterson was former chairman of Lehman Brothers, Kuhn, Loeb Inc.

With his former number, 30, taken by fullback John Kuhn, Green chose to wear No. 34 in honor of former Chicago Bears running back Walter Payton.

* Bowie Kuhn, lawyer and former MLB Commissioner

* Bowie Kuhn ( 1948 Section ), former Major League Baseball Commissioner

Among those who have sat on the Law Center's advisory board are: Senator Rick Santorum, former Senator and retired Rear Admiral Jeremiah Denton, former Major League Baseball commissioner Bowie Kuhn, noted Catholic academic Charles Rice, former Fortune 500 CEO Mary Cunningham Agee, and Ambassador Alan Keyes.

Critic William Kuhn argued that much of his fiction can be read as " the memoirs he never wrote ", revealing the inner life of a politician for whom the norms of Victorian public life appeared to represent a social straitjacket – particularly with regard to his allegedly " ambiguous sexuality.

Gothic hairus, Old English heoru ) Hans Kuhn has argued that the derivational suffix-sk -, involved in both explanations, is otherwise not common in Germanic.

Philosopher and historian of science Thomas Samuel Kuhn argued that scientists are strongly committed to their beliefs, theories and methods ( the collection of which he termed " paradigms "), and that science progresses mainly by paradigm shifts.

For example, Kuhn argued that within quantitative research, the results that are shown can prove to be strange.

During his early employment at the FSF, Kuhn suggested the creation of and maintained the FSF license list page, and argued against license proliferation.

Kuhn argued that he had a prior engagement that he could not break.

When enough significant anomalies have accrued against a current paradigm, the scientific discipline is thrown into a state of crisis, according to Kuhn.

These claims of relativism are, however, tied to another claim that Kuhn does at least somewhat endorse: that the language and theories of different paradigms cannot be translated into one another or rationally evaluated against one another — that they are incommensurable.

While working in baseball's legal affairs, Kuhn served as a counselor for the NL in a lawsuit brought against it by the City of Milwaukee when the Milwaukee Braves moved to Atlanta following the season.

When the New York courts ruled decisively in favor of the claim of DeLeon, Kuhn, and the Regulars in the matter of the ownership of the name, logo, and publication of the Socialist Labor Party, against the claim of the dissidents, the Rochester group changed the name of their organization to " Social Democratic Party of America ," anticipating a rapid merger with Berger, Debs, and the Midwestern organization of the same name.

Finley, in turn, hired famed sports attorney Neil Papiano and proceeded to file a $ 10 million dollar restraint-of-trade lawsuit against Kuhn and Major League Baseball.

In particular, philosophy seems to lack the sort of developments that Thomas Kuhn called paradigms — achievements which, by their success, clearly determine which sort of questions are to be asked and what sort of considerations count as evidence for or against answers to those questions.

Kuhn appearing on the street after leaving a courthouse in Webster, Massachusetts 1939Decision board trial against Kuhn, Munich 1949

District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey issued an indictment and won a conviction against Kuhn.

Beck, in a warning to his audience against people like Kuhn, quoted Kuhn's 1939 speech where Kuhn called for a " socially just white gentile ruled United States ".

In January 1970 Flood filed a $ 1 million lawsuit against Kuhn and Major League Baseball, alleging violation of federal antitrust laws.

They point out they have Jewish members, such as Rick Kuhn and Patrick Weiniger and insist that the organisation " take a firm stand against all forms of racism ".

* Markus Kuhn: Analysis of the Nagravision video scrambling method, 1998 – explains an attack against the old Nagravision system for analog television

as played by Alexander Wagner, a Polish player and openings analyst, against Kuhn in the 1913 Swiss Correspondence Championship.

Philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model, which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it.

The basic view of knowledge that motivated the emergence of social epistemology can be traced to the work of Thomas Kuhn and Michel Foucault, which gained in prominence at the end of the 1960s.

Influenced by Thomas Kuhn ’ s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 1962 ), Ritzer has long advocated the view that social theory is improved by systematic, comparative and reflexive attention to implicit conceptual structures and oft-hidden assumptions.

Kuhn was at pains to point out that the rationale for the choice of exemplars is a specific way of viewing reality: that view and the status of " exemplar " are mutually reinforcing.

Philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model, which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it.

) These considerations explains the conflict between the Kuhn / Dogan view, and the views of others ( including Larry Laudan, see above ), who do apply these concepts to social sciences.

Borrowing a term from philosopher Thomas Samuel Kuhn, Carroll made the technique of arbitrarily changing one's world view ( or paradigm ) of magic, a major concept of chaos magic.

Up until that time MacIntyre had been a relatively influential analytic philosopher of a Marxist bent whose inquiries into moral philosophy had been conducted in a “ piecemeal way, focusing first on this problem and then on that, in a mode characteristic of much analytic philosophy .” However, after reading the works of Thomas Kuhn and Imre Lakatos on philosophy of science and epistemology MacIntyre was inspired to change the entire direction of his thought, tearing up the manuscript he had been working on and deciding to view the problems of modern moral and political philosophy “ not from the standpoint of liberal modernity, but instead from the standpoint of ... Aristotelian moral and political practice .”

Without doubt its implementation is better understood thanks to the critiques that both Kuhn and Feyerabend have made in response to certain theses proposed by followers of the received view of theories.

According to Kuhn, the proponents of different scientific paradigms cannot fully appreciate or understand the other's point of view because they are, as a way of speaking, living in different worlds.

The mall opened in September 2001 and was designed by Ehrenkrantz, Eckstut and Kuhn Architects with a view toward the style used by the architect Edward H. Bennett when he designed Pasadena's Beaux Arts-style Civic Center in 1923.

In the 1960s, especially in the wake of the work done by Thomas Kuhn, the discipline began to serve a very different function, and began to be used as a way to critically examine the scientific enterprise.

According to Kuhn, " A paradigm is what members of a scientific community, and they alone, share.

An epistemological paradigm shift was called a " scientific revolution " by epistemologist and historian of science Thomas Kuhn in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

A scientific revolution occurs, according to Kuhn, when scientists encounter anomalies that cannot be explained by the universally accepted paradigm within which scientific progress has thereto been made.

There are anomalies for all paradigms, Kuhn maintained, that are brushed away as acceptable levels of error, or simply ignored and not dealt with ( a principal argument Kuhn uses to reject Karl Popper's model of falsifiability as the key force involved in scientific change ).

Sometimes the convincing force is just time itself and the human toll it takes, Kuhn said, using a quote from Max Planck: " a new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it.

Kuhn vehemently denies this interpretation and states that when a scientific paradigm is replaced by a new one, albeit through a complex social process, the new one is always better, not just different.

The fundamentally uncertain nature of inductive reasoning has been claimed to give rise to scientific paradigm shifts, as described by Kuhn.

The historian of science Thomas Kuhn gave it its contemporary meaning when he adopted the word to refer to the set of practices that define a scientific discipline at any particular period of time.

In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as: " universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions for a community of researchers ", i. e.,

Different thinkers like Thomas Kuhn have discussed the role of chance in scientific discoveries.

* Thomas Kuhn, The structure of scientific revolutions, 1962, vol. 2 n. 2

Philosophers of science argue over the epistemological limits of such a consensus and some, including Thomas Kuhn, have pointed to the existence of scientific revolutions in the history of science as being an important indication that scientific consensus can, at times, be wrong.

Conant's ideas about scientific progress would come under attack by his own protégés, notably Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

On the other hand, it is another question whether works such as these actually live up -- and whether they could ever live up -- to everything that Kuhn says about scientific paradigms.

Kuhn argues that the history of science is a sort of punctuated equilibrium: when a long period of " normal science " eventually stagnates, and an established paradigm can no longer hold together a coherent tradition of research, progress depends on the establishment of a new paradigm, and a scientific revolution based on this paradigm shift.

Again, as perplexing as this position might seem to a traditional social scientist, such a proposition is consistent with ethnomethodology's understanding of " member's methods ", and has philosophical standing when looked at in terms of certain lines of philosophical thought regarding the philosophy of science ( Polyani: 1974 ; Kuhn: 1996 ; Feyerabend: 1975 / 2010 ), and the study of the actual practices of scientific procedure ( Lynch: 1993 ).

Kuhn doesn't search for the conditions of possibility of opposing discourses within a science, but simply for the ( relatively ) invariant dominant paradigm governing scientific research ( supposing that one paradigm always is pervading, except under paradigmatic transition ).

After graduating Kuhn continued his scientific career, first in Munich, then at the ETH Zurich and from 1929 onwards at the University of Heidelberg, where he was head of the chemistry department beginning in 1937.

The second coauthor of the thesis of incommensurability is Thomas Kuhn, who introduced it in his 1962 book, The structure of scientific revolutions, in which he describes it as a universal property that defines the relationship between successive paradigms.