Kuhn had used the term " pre-paradigmatic " for social science ).

In the 1960s, especially in the wake of the work done by Thomas Kuhn, the discipline began to serve a very different function, and began to be used as a way to critically examine the scientific enterprise.

Since the 1960s, the term has also been used in numerous non-scientific contexts to describe a profound change in a fundamental model or perception of events, even though Kuhn himself restricted the use of the term to the hard sciences.

Numerous Catholic websites repeat an unsourced claim that in 1936 biochemist Richard Kuhn analyzed a sample of the fabric and announced that the pigments used were from no known source, whether animal, mineral or vegetable.

Kuhn used the expression paradigm shift ( see below ) for this process, and likened it to the perceptual change that occurs when our interpretation of an ambiguous image " flips-over " from one state to another.

One of the examples that Kuhn used was the change in the style of chemical investigation that followed the work of Lavoisier on atomic theory in the late 18th Century as an example of incommensurability.

Strasilla and his friend Andrea Kuhn / Switzerland used this invention also in combination with surfboards and Skurfs, grasskies and selfmade buggies.

Kuhn suggested the name $ CLASSPATH, which is the environment variable used by most Java systems to indicate where the Java libraries reside on the computer.

Thomas S. Kuhn used Bachelard's notion of " epistemological rupture " ( coupure or rupture épistémologique ) as re-interpreted by Alexandre Koyré to develop his theory of paradigm shifts ; Althusser, Georges Canguilhem ( his successor at the Sorbonne ) and Michel Foucault also drew upon Bachelard's epistemology.

Kuhn confesses that he uses the word, paradigm, in something like twenty different senses, but for present purposes it will mean a set of propositions, and of techniques which can be used to test these propositions empirically.

In 2010 Kuhn was asked to analyze the ADE-651, a device used in Iraq that was said to be a bomb-detecting device ; he found that it contained nothing but an anti-theft tag and said that it was " impossible " that the device could detect anything whatsoever.

The mall opened in September 2001 and was designed by Ehrenkrantz, Eckstut and Kuhn Architects with a view toward the style used by the architect Edward H. Bennett when he designed Pasadena's Beaux Arts-style Civic Center in 1923.

It is used amongst other things in the proof of the Karush – Kuhn – Tucker theorem in nonlinear programming.

This can be used to show that a Kuhn segment is equal to twice the persistence length of a worm-like chain.

After the work of Blodgett the field was relatively inactive for several years until in 1971 H. Kuhn began performing optical and photoelectric experiments with monolayer assemblies using the methods of Langmuir and Blodgett.

In much the same way, American historian of science Thomas Kuhn addressed the structural formations of science in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

For Kuhn, the fundamental difference between science and other disciplines is in the way in which the communities function.

Kuhn was at pains to point out that the rationale for the choice of exemplars is a specific way of viewing reality: that view and the status of " exemplar " are mutually reinforcing.

After World War II broke out, in 1941 Prelog was invited to lecture in Germany by Richard Kuhn, and shortly afterwards, Lavoslav Ružička, whom he asked for help, invited Prelog to visit him on his way to Germany.

Malone appeared to be on his way to a comfortable win and was handed the traditional message from the Mayor of Pietermaritzburg to the Mayor of Durban at Tollgate with a lead of two minutes over Kuhn.

Up until that time MacIntyre had been a relatively influential analytic philosopher of a Marxist bent whose inquiries into moral philosophy had been conducted in a “ piecemeal way, focusing first on this problem and then on that, in a mode characteristic of much analytic philosophy .” However, after reading the works of Thomas Kuhn and Imre Lakatos on philosophy of science and epistemology MacIntyre was inspired to change the entire direction of his thought, tearing up the manuscript he had been working on and deciding to view the problems of modern moral and political philosophy “ not from the standpoint of liberal modernity, but instead from the standpoint of ... Aristotelian moral and political practice .”

According to Kuhn, the proponents of different scientific paradigms cannot fully appreciate or understand the other's point of view because they are, as a way of speaking, living in different worlds.

Kuhn declared that this change relates to the concepts of Class A not only because there is a change in the way of referring to the concepts but also because their underlying structure becomes altered, that is, the meaning changes-its intention-but also its reference.

In this way Kuhn states that not all of the semantic changes are changes that lead to incommensurability, they are only those that, by being made in the basic categories, operate in a holistic manner meaning that all the relationships between these terms becomes altered.

Kuhn claimed that far from merely building on the previous theory's accomplishments, each one essentially throws out the old way of looking at the universe, and comes up with its own vocabulary to describe it and its own guidelines for expanding knowledge within the new paradigm.

The second is one following from the work of Thomas Kuhn, where paradigms shift from one to another, rejecting some parts of the previous and subsuming some older parts to their new way of thinking.

While on his way to perform in Europe in late 1922, Mannes made the chance acquaintance of a senior partner in the investment firm of Kuhn, Loeb and Co. and described their progress with color photography.

* Grassy Creek, a tributary that connects, by way of a manually operated lock, the east shore of Tippecanoe Lake to Sawmill, Sechrist, Banning, Irish, Little Barbee, Big Barbee and Kuhn lakes upstream.

Kitcher commented on the way creationists have misinterpreted Kuhn:

A scientific revolution occurs, according to Kuhn, when scientists encounter anomalies that cannot be explained by the universally accepted paradigm within which scientific progress has thereto been made.

Philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model, which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it.

The basic view of knowledge that motivated the emergence of social epistemology can be traced to the work of Thomas Kuhn and Michel Foucault, which gained in prominence at the end of the 1960s.

Perhaps the most notable issue here was the nature of truth, which both Kuhn and Foucault described as a relative and contingent notion.

Thomas S. Kuhn asserted that science is made up of paradigms that arise from cultural traditions, which is similar to the secular perspective on religion.

Thomas Kuhn denied that it is ever possible to isolate the hypothesis being tested from the influence of the theory in which the observations are grounded.

As the Cubs acquired Wilhelm late in the season to bolster their playoff contention, which was a source of controversy, Commissioner Bowie Kuhn investigated the transaction.

In 1978, dentist and yo-yo celebrity Tom Kuhn patented the “ No Jive 3-in-1 ” yo-yo, creating the world's first " take-apart " yo-yo, which enabled yo-yo players to change the axle.

The method of Lagrange multipliers is generalized by the Karush – Kuhn – Tucker conditions, which can also take into account inequality constraints of the form h ( x ) ≤ c.

* Worm-like chain ( or semiflexible chain ), which has Kuhn length equal to twice the persistence length

According to Kuhn, Normal science possesses a built-in mechanism that ensures the relaxation of the restrictions that bound research whenever the paradigm from which they derive ceases to function effectively.

Philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model, which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it.

Philosopher and historian of science Thomas Samuel Kuhn argued that scientists are strongly committed to their beliefs, theories and methods ( the collection of which he termed " paradigms "), and that science progresses mainly by paradigm shifts.

* The theory ladenness of observation ( for which see Kuhn ( 1970 ) and Quine ( 1960 )).

The Gray Panthers is an organization in the United States, which was founded in 1970 by Maggie Kuhn in response to her forced retirement at age 65.

Another well-known structural variation of symbolic interactionism that applies quantitative methods is Manford H. Kuhn's ( Kuhn and McPartland, 1954 ) formulation which is often referred to in sociological literature as the " Iowa School.

In particular, philosophy seems to lack the sort of developments that Thomas Kuhn called paradigms — achievements which, by their success, clearly determine which sort of questions are to be asked and what sort of considerations count as evidence for or against answers to those questions.

Also he had a large share later in the negotiations which resulted in the issue by Kuhn, Loeb and Company of $ 50, 000, 000 of City of Paris bonds and $ 60, 000, 000 Bordeaux-Lyons and Marseilles bonds.

He was also smitten with Hollywood, to which Kuhn Loeb provided much commercial support and Kahn, personal support.

Adalbert Kuhn also found evidence of a fru Freke in the Ukermark, where she is called Fruike, which corresponds to fru Harke in the Mittelmark and fru Gode in the Prignitz.

* Paper by Anderson and Kuhn which includes excerpts from ( Mitchell et al., 1996 )