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Kuiper finished his doctoral thesis on binary stars with Hertzsprung in 1933, after which he immediately traveled to California to become a fellow under Robert Grant Aitken at the Lick Observatory.
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Kuiper and finished
Dutch rider Hennie Kuiper won each Monument, except Liège – Bastogne – Liège in which he finished second in 1980.
Kuiper and doctoral
Among the members of the research team were astronomer Gerard Kuiper and his doctoral student Carl Sagan, who was responsible for the mathematical projection of the expansion of a dust cloud in space around the Moon, an essential element in determining its visibility from Earth.
Kuiper and thesis
He used the summer months of his graduate studies to work with planetary scientist Gerard Kuiper ( thesis advisor ), physicist George Gamow, and chemist Melvin Calvin.
He was granted a doctorate in mathematics in 1969 under the supervision of Nicolaas Kuiper for a thesis entitled The minimal number of critical points of a function on a compact manifold and the Lyusternik – Schnirelmann category.
Kuiper and on
Robert L. Forward's Camelot 30K describes an ecosystem on the surface of Kuiper belt objects that is based on a fluorocarbon chemistry with OF < sub > 2 </ sub > as the principal solvent instead of H < sub > 2 </ sub > O.
Kuiper belt objects are known to be rich in organic compounds such as tholins, so some form of life existing on their surfaces is not entirely implausible – though perhaps not going so far as to develop natural internal nuclear reactors, as have Forward's.
Dyson also has proposed the use of bioengineered space colonies to colonize the Kuiper Belt on the outer edge of our Solar System.
John Spencer, an astronomer on the New Horizons mission team, says that no target for a post-Pluto Kuiper belt encounter has yet been selected, as they are awaiting data from the Pan-STARRS survey project to ensure as wide a field of options as possible.
This choice means that, on Wikipedia, Eris, the largest known trans-Neptunian object, is not part of the Kuiper belt, and so Pluto becomes the largest Kuiper belt object.
** Classical Kuiper belt objects ( also called cubewanos ) have no such resonance, moving on almost circular orbits, unperturbed by Neptune.
Gerard Peter Kuiper (; ; born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper on December 7, 1905 in Tuitjenhorn ( Harenkarspel ), Netherlands ; died December 24, 1973 in Mexico City ) was a Dutch-American astronomer after whom the Kuiper belt was named.
Kuiper was the laboratory's director until his death in 1973 while on vacation with his wife in Mexico.
In the 1960s, Kuiper helped identify landing sites on the moon for the Apollo program.
Besides the minor planet 1776 Kuiper, the crater Kuiper on the Moon, craters on Mars and Mercury, the now-decommissioned Kuiper Airborne Observatory was also named after him.
* 1977 – James Elliot discovers the rings of Uranus during a stellar occultation experiment on the Kuiper Airborne Observatory
For example, Edith Kuiper discusses Adam Smith's engagement with feminist discourse on the role of women in the eighteenth century, France and England.
Another program that used the QUEST results discovered 90377 Sedna on 14 November 2003, and around 40 Kuiper belt objects.
Current research programs on the 200-inch Hale Telescope cover the range of the observable universe including studies on near-Earth asteroids, outer solar system planets, Kuiper Belt Objects, star formation, exoplanets, gamma-ray bursts, black holes, quasars and much more.
Kuiper and binary
*, the first binary Kuiper belt object discovered after Pluto and Charon.
Kuiper discovered several binary stars which received " Kuiper numbers " to identify them, such as KUI 79.
Kuiper and stars
By 2006, astronomers had resolved dust disks believed to be Kuiper belt-like structures around nine stars other than the Sun.
Beyond this, 15 – 20 % of solar-type stars have an observed infrared excess which is believed to indicate massive Kuiper belt-like structures.
Supercomputer simulations of dust in the Kuiper belt suggest that when it was younger, it may have resembled the narrow rings seen around younger stars.
In their initial paper, Brown, Rabinowitz and colleagues suggested three possible candidates for the perturbing body: an unseen planet beyond the Kuiper belt, a single passing star, or one of the young stars embedded with the Sun in the stellar cluster in which it formed.
Kuiper astronomers also studied the disks surrounding certain stars that may be related to the formation of planetary systems around these stars.
The term " subdwarf " was coined by Gerard Kuiper in 1939, to refer to a series of stars with anomalous spectra that were previously labeled as " intermediate white dwarfs ".
Kuiper and with
A classical Kuiper belt object, also called a cubewano ( " QB1-o ") is a low-eccentricity Kuiper belt object ( KBO ) that orbits beyond Neptune and is not controlled by an orbital resonance with Neptune.
Furthermore, there is evidence that the Kuiper belt has an ' edge ', in that an apparent lack of low-inclination objects beyond 47-49 AU was suspected as early as 1998 and shown with more data in 2001.
The Kuiper belt (, rhyming with " piper " and " viper "), sometimes called the Edgeworth – Kuiper belt, is a region of the Solar System beyond the planets extending from the orbit of Neptune ( at 30 AU ) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun.
They appear to fall into two categories: wide belts, with radii of over 50 AU, and narrow belts ( like our own Kuiper belt ) with radii of between 20 and 30 AU and relatively sharp boundaries.
Short-period comets ( those with orbits of up to 200 years ) are generally accepted to have emerged from the Kuiper belt or scattered disc, two linked flat discs of icy debris beyond Neptune's orbit at 30 AU and jointly extending out beyond 100 AU from the Sun.
While the majority of plutinos have low orbital inclinations, a substantial number of them follow orbits similar to that of Pluto, with inclinations in the 10 – 25 ° range and eccentricities around 0. 2 – 0. 25, resulting in perihelia inside ( or close to ) the orbit of Neptune and aphelia close to the main Kuiper belt's outer edge ( where objects have 1: 2 resonance with Neptune ).
In 2010, in a season described with the slogan " Giants Baseball: Torture " by broadcaster Duane Kuiper, the club won the National League Western Division title for the first time since 2003 after trailing the San Diego Padres most of the season.
* The ( classical ) Kuiper belt contains objects with an average distance to the Sun of 30 to about 55 AU, usually having close-to-circular orbits with a small inclination from the ecliptic.
Studying colours and spectra provides insight into the objects ' origin and a potential correlation with other classes of objects, namely centaurs and some satellites of giant planets ( Triton, Phoebe ), suspected to originate in the Kuiper belt.
Thought to be the point of origin for the majority of short-period comets observed from Earth, it is also home to several large, planet-like bodies including Pluto, which is now recognized as the largest in a population of Kuiper belt objects ( the plutinos ) locked in orbital step with Neptune.
The theorem was originally proved by John Nash with the condition n ≥ m + 2 instead of n ≥ m + 1 and generalized by Nicolaas Kuiper, by a relatively easy trick.
Fortunately, our solar system is much less populated with large objects today and the probability of such an event happening is essentially zero, as the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt and the giant comets in the Kuiper belt that are in this size range are in stable orbits that will not enter the inner solar system, let alone intersect the orbit of Earth, with no observed exceptions.
Comparison of size of the Kuiper belt ( large faint torus ) with the star VY Canis Majoris ( within Saturn's orbit ), Betelgeuse ( inside Jupiter's orbit ) and R Doradus ( small central red sphere ) together with the orbits of Neptune and Uranus, to scale.
Objects may be perturbed from the Kuiper belt, whereupon they become Neptune-crossing and interact gravitationally with that planet ( see theories of origin ).
Kuiper and after
It is named after Dutch mathematician Nicolaas Kuiper.
*, the prototype cubewano, the first Kuiper belt object discovered after Pluto and Charon.
* As a result of the discovery of Eris, a Kuiper Belt object larger than Pluto, in August 2006, Pluto is demoted to a " dwarf planet " after being considered a planet for 76 years, redefining the solar system to have eight planets and three dwarf planets.
The Kuiper belt object 90482 Orcus is named after Orcus.
* 79360 Sila, a Kuiper Belt object named after Sila
Also in 2005, the Kuiper belt object ( KBO ) was discovered to have two moons, making it the second KBO after Pluto known to have more than one moon.
In 1949, the fifth moon, Miranda, was named by its discoverer Gerard Kuiper after a thoroughly mortal character in Shakespeare's The Tempest.
Gerard Kuiper was the Project Scientist for the Ranger program, and this feature was named for him after he died in 1973.
Simulation showing outer planets and Kuiper belt: a ) Before Jupiter / Saturn 2: 1 resonance b ) Scattering of Kuiper belt objects into the Solar System after the orbital shift of Neptune c ) After ejection of Kuiper belt bodies by Jupiter
It was thought for some time after her disappearance that " Kipper " was her pronunciation of the Dutch name " Kuiper ", but despite police investigations, nobody of this name was found to be connected to Lamplugh.
Simulation showing Outer Planets and Kuiper Belt: a ) Before Jupiter / Saturn 2: 1 resonance b ) Scattering of Kuiper-belt objects into the Solar System after the orbital shift of Neptune c ) After ejection of Kuiper-belt bodies by Jupiter
0.569 seconds.