The 1865 grand opera L ' Africaine: Opéra en Cinq Actes, composed by Giacomo Meyerbeer from a libretto by Eugène Scribe, prominently includes the character of Vasco da Gama.

These included Nelusko in L ' Africaine ( Meyerbeer's last opera ), Mephistopheles in La damnation de Faust ( a role also sung by basses ), the Priest of Dagon in Samson and Delilah, Escamillo in Carmen, Zurga in Les pêcheurs de perles, Lescaut in Manon, Athanael in Thaïs and Herod in Hérodiade.

* April 28-Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera L ' Africaine is premiered in Paris at the Grand Opéra, after the composer's death.

' He was at his peak with his operas Les Huguenots ( 1836 ) and Le prophète ( 1849 ); his last opera ( L ' Africaine ) was performed posthumously.

The fusion of dramatic music, melodramatic plot, and sumptuous staging in Robert le diable proved a sure-fire formula, as did the partnership with Scribe, which Meyerbeer would go on to repeat in Les Huguenots, Le prophète, and L ' Africaine.

Meanwhile in Paris Meyerbeer began to seek new libretti, initially considering Le prophète of Scribe, Le cinq mars by Henri Saint-Georges and eventually settling on Scribe's Vasco da Gama ( later to become L ' Africaine ), which he contracted to complete by 1840.

However, Meyerbeer had envisaged that the main role in L ' Africaine would be written for Falcon ; after the catastrophic failure of her voice in 1837, he turned instead to Le prophète.

With the continuing delays in the production of Le prophète and L ' Africaine, Meyerbeer was now becoming subject to increasing sniping in Paris.

Robert, Valentin the Huguenot, Jean the prophet, and the defiant Vasco da Gama in L ' Africaine are all ' oustsiders '.

Meyerbeer's operas consistently enjoyed enormous popularity during his lifetime, and the verdict of the ( then pro-Meyerbeer ) Wagner in 1841, when the Paris Opéra was vainly awaiting Le prophète and L ' Africaine, was not atypical: The Paris Opéra lies dying.

However, recent successful productions of some of the major operas at relatively small centres such as Strasbourg ( L ' Africaine, 2004 ) and Metz ( Les Huguenots, 2004 ) show that this conventional wisdom can be challenged.

Further roles followed in Florence and Malta, with parts in La sonnambula, Lucia di Lammermoor, Roberto il diavolo, Il barbiere di Siviglia and L ' Africaine.

She also had been prepared to tackle quite dramatic parts in operas like L ' Africaine, Les Huguenots and even Aida.

At the time of his death, he was working on revision of the libretto for Meyerbeer's L ' Africaine, which he had originally written in 1838.

* Roberts, John H. ' Meyerbeer: Le Prophéte and L ' Africaine ' ; in: David Charlton ( ed.

The role was Inez in Meyerbeer's L ' Africaine, taken when the scheduled soprano canceled on short notice.

He was lauded, too, for his potent performances of such established parts as Manrico in Il trovatore, Don Alvaro in La forza del destino, the title role in Ernani, the title role in Poliuto, Arnold in Guillaume Tell, John of Leyden in Le prophète, Raoul in Les Huguenots, Vasco in L ' Africaine, Robert in Robert le diable and Eleazar in La Juive.

In 1971, Norman made her début at the Maggio Musicale in Florence appearing as Sélica in Meyerbeer's L ' Africaine.

:* Sélica, L ' Africaine ( Meyerbeer )

Beginning in the late 1970s she began to tackle soprano roles, including Selika in L ' Africaine, Judith in Bartok's Bluebeard's Castle, Lady Macbeth Macbeth, Madame Lidoine in Poulenc's Dialogues of the Carmelites ( Met1977 ), Tosca, Norma ( from Boston 1976 till Messina 1989 ), Aida ( Boston 1980 and 1989 ), Desdemona ( Otello ) ( 1981 ), Leonore ( Fidelio ) ( Met 1983 ), Iphigénie ( 1984 – 85 ), Alceste ( 1985 ), Médée ( Cherubini ) ( 1986 )..

She also took on more unusual roles, such as Janáček's Jenůfa ( in Italian ) at La Scala in 1974 ( with Magda Olivero as the Kostelnička ), Dukas's Ariane et Barbe-bleue in Paris in 1975, and Sélika in Meyerbeer's L ' Africaine at Covent Garden in 1978 ( opposite Plácido Domingo as Vasco da Gama ).

Adamastor is also mentioned in the opera L ' Africaine ( 1865 ) about Vasco da Gama by the composer Giacomo Meyerbeer.

" from Meyerbeer's L ' Africaine, which exhibits the resonance, power and brilliance of his upper register.

Other important playwrights were Giménez, Joaquín " Quinito " Valverde Sanjuán ( Joaquín Valverde Durán's son ), Tomás Lopez Torregrosa ( San Antón and El santo de la Isidra Saint ", Isidra being one of the characters ) Fernández Caballero ( El dúo de la africana Duet from L ' Africaine, a reference to the opera by Giacomo Meyerbeer | Meyerbeer, El cabo primero Headman ", that is, the person in command, La viejecita Little Old Lady ", and Gigantes y cabezudos and cabezudos "; named after popular Spanish parade disguises ), Jerónimo Jiménez ( El baile de Luis Alonso Dance of Luis Alonso " and its sequel La boda de Luis Alonso Marriage of Luis Alonso ").

Ultracentrifugation was then carried out in a Spinco model L ultracentrifuge at 40,000 rpm for 125 to 150 min, refrigeration being used throughout the run.

In Korea, the Hangul alphabet was created by Sejong the Great Hangul is a unique alphabet: it is a featural alphabet, where many of the letters are designed from a sound's place of articulation ( P to look like the widened mouth, L to look like the tongue pulled in, etc.

The Norse discovery was documented in the 13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroborated by recent L ' Anse aux Meadows archeological evidence.

In 1950, van Vogt was briefly appointed as head of L. Ron Hubbard's Dianetics operation in California.

In this, the emperor was assisted by five chief lawyers: L. Fulvius Aburnius Valens, an author of legal treatises ; L. Volusius Maecianus, chosen to conduct the legal studies of Marcus Aurelius, and author of a large work on Fidei Commissa ( Testamentary Trusts ); L. Ulpius Marcellus, a prolific writer ; and two others.

Alfonso requested support from Braccio da Montone, who was besieging Joan's troops in L ' Aquila, but had to set sail for Spain, where a war had broken out between his brothers and the Kingdom of Castile.

Naples, which was held by Alfonso's brother, Pedro de Aragon, was besieged in 1424 by the Genoese ships and Joan's troops, now led by Francesco Sforza, son of Muzio ( who had died at L ' Aquila ).

The term was popularized by G. L. Trager and Bernard Bloch in a 1941 paper on English phonology and went on to become part of standard usage within the American structuralist tradition.

Symbolism as an art movement was in full swing at this time and L ' Ymagier provided a nexus for many of its key contributors.

A fragment of his treatise On burning-glasses was published as (" Concerning wondrous machines ") by L. Dupuy in 1777, and also appeared in 1786 in the forty-second volume of the Histoire de l ' Academie des Instrumentistes.

Ambroise ( flourished c. 1190 ) was a Norman poet and chronicler of the Third Crusade, author of a work called L ' Estoire de la guerre sainte, which describes in rhyming Old French verse the adventures of Richard Coeur de Lion as a crusader.

In 2004, a new head coach, Jim L. Mora, was hired and Michael Vick returned for the full season.

The first a pastoral opera, L ' amore innocente ( Innocent Love ) was a light hearted comedy set in the Austrian mountains, and the second was based on an episode from Cervantes Don Quixote – Don Chisciotte alle nozze di Gamace ( Don Quixote at the Marriage of Camacho ).

Don Chisciotte was a mix of ballet and opera buffa, and the lead female roles in L ' amore innocente were designed to contrast and highlight the different traditions of operatic writing for soprano, even borrowing stylistic flourishes from opera-seria in the use of coloratura in what was a short pastoral comedy more in keeping with a Roman Intermezzo.

Needing cash, the Bidwills began entertaining offers from would-be investors, and one of the men who approached the Bidwills was Lamar Hunt, son and heir of Texas millionaire oilman H. L. Hunt.

Financial problems reappeared in 1932 and the company was rescued by L. Prideaux Brune who funded the company for the following year before passing the company on to Sir Arthur Sutherland.

Electrothermal AAS ( ET AAS ) using graphite tube atomizers was pioneered by Boris V. L ’ vov at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute, Russia, since the late 1950s, and further investigated by Hans Massmann at the Institute of Spectrochemistry and Applied Spectroscopy ( ISAS ) in Dortmund, Germany.

* During the 1980s, the block of 16th Street NW between L and M streets, in front of the Soviet embassy, in Washington, D. C. was renamed " Andrei Sakharov Place " as a form of protest against his 1980 arrest and detention.

* L — Loss: number of games where pitcher was pitching while the opposing team took the lead, never lost the lead, and went on to win