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Lakoff wrote Moral Politics soon after the Republican Party's " Contract With America " takeover of Congress under the Clinton presidency, and his usage of the terms " liberal " and " conservative " is strongly resembles how those labels might have been used in the 1994 elections, the former having much to do with the Democratic party and the latter with the Republican party ; indeed, chapter 9, " Moral Categories in Politics ", presents Hillary Clinton as a prototypical " liberal " and Newt Gingrich as a prototypical " conservative ".
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Lakoff and wrote
He wrote that Lakoff was condescending and deplored Lakoff's " shameless caricaturing of beliefs " and his " faith in the power of euphemism ".
Lakoff wrote a rebuttal to the review stating that his position on many matters is the exact reverse of what Pinker attributes to him.
Dean later wrote the introduction to a related but shorter book by Lakoff, Don't Think of an Elephant: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate.
Lakoff and Moral
Moral Politics ( 1996, revisited in 2002 ) gives book-length consideration to the conceptual metaphors that Lakoff sees as present in the minds of American " liberals " and " conservatives ".
Between 2003 and 2008, Lakoff was involved with a progressive think tank, the Rockridge Institute, an involvement that follows in part from his recommendations in Moral Politics.
Among his activities with the Institute, which concentrates in part on helping liberal candidates and politicians with re-framing political metaphors, Lakoff has given numerous public lectures and written accounts of his message from Moral Politics.
Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think is a 1996 book by cognitive linguist George Lakoff.
A less extreme, but similar, claim is made by George Lakoff in his book Moral Politics and his later book on framing, Don't Think of an Elephant !.
* Lakoff, George ( 1995 ) Moral Politics.
Lakoff and Politics
In chapter 7, " Why We Need a New Understanding of American Politics ", Lakoff tries to refute several conceptions of " Conservatism " that he views as much too simplistic to be true.
Lakoff and Republican
In the 1994 elections, the Republican focus on " family values ", while the Democrats largely ignored this framing, is key to Lakoff.
Lakoff and America
Lakoff claims that the public political arena in America reflects a basic conceptual metaphor of ' the family.
Lakoff and Clinton
( Lakoff actually puts this somewhat differently, suggesting that Clinton is the prototypical arch-nemesis of conservatives, while Gingrich is the prototypical arch-nemesis of liberals.
Lakoff and terms
The term " cognitive " in " cognitive science " is " used for any kind of mental operation or structure that can be studied in precise terms " ( Lakoff and Johnson, 1999 ).
Lakoff and Núñez hold that mathematics results from the human cognitive apparatus and must therefore be understood in cognitive terms.
Lakoff insists that liberals must cease using terms like partial birth abortion and tax relief because they are manufactured specifically to allow the possibilities of only certain types of opinions.
To use the terms of another metaphoric worldview, Lakoff insists, is to unconsciously support it.
( What Lakoff means by these two terms is considered below.
Further, partly in response to such criticisms, Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez, in 2000, proposed a cognitive science of mathematics that would explain mathematics as a consequence of, not an alternative to, the human reliance on conceptual metaphor to understand abstraction in terms of basic experiential concretes.
As George Lakoff said: " Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.
Moreover, Lakoff gave a detailed accounting of how these schemas were interrelated in terms of what he called a radial category structure.
Lakoff and liberal
Lakoff makes an attempt to keep his personal views confined to the last third of the book, where he explicitly argues for the superiority of the liberal vision.
Lakoff is certainly not trying to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for being liberal or conservative.
In the terminology of cognitive linguistics, Lakoff views both liberal and conservative as " radial category " labels.
Lakoff and conservative
Lakoff further argues that one of the reasons liberals have had difficulty since the 1980s is that they have not been as aware of their own guiding metaphors, and have too often accepted conservative terminology framed in a way to promote the strict father metaphor.
Liberals try to persuade through reason and facts while conservatives used metaphorical stories and that is why, Lakoff argues, conservative politicians are more successful at motivating voters than liberals are.
Lakoff and is
Lakoff and Johnson give several examples of daily metaphors we use, such as “ argument is war ” and “ time is money .” Metaphors are widely used in context to describe personal meaning.
The authors also suggest that communication can be viewed as a machine: “ Communication is not what one does with the machine, but is the machine itself .” ( Johnson, Lakoff, 1980 ).
Lakoff also argues that metaphor plays an important part in political debates where it matters whether one is arguing in favor of the " right to life " or against the " right to choose "; whether one is discussing " illegal aliens " or " undocumented workers ".
Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being ( hereinafter WMCF ) is a book by George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist, and Rafael E. Núñez, a psychologist.
Lakoff and Núñez's avowed purpose is to begin laying the foundations for a truly scientific understanding of mathematics, one grounded in processes common to all human cognition.
Lakoff and Núñez conclude that while the potential infinite is not metaphorical, the actual infinite is.
Lakoff and Núñez argue that the expectation of closure is an artifact of the human mind's ability to relate fundamentally different concepts via metaphor.
George P. Lakoff (, born May 24, 1941 ) is an American cognitive linguist and professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1972.
Chomsky goes further and claims that Lakoff has " virtually no comprehension of the work he is discussing " ( the work in question being Chomsky's ).
" Non-metaphorical thought is for Lakoff only possible when we talk about purely physical reality.
When Lakoff claims the mind is " embodied ", he is arguing that almost all of human cognition, up through the most abstract reasoning, depends on and makes use of such concrete and " low-level " facilities as the sensorimotor system and the emotions.
Lakoff believes consciousness to be neurally embodied, however he explicitly states that the mechanism is not just neural computation alone.
If this is true, then Lakoff asks what would be the point of the afterlife?
Lakoff is, with coauthors Mark Johnson and Rafael E. Núñez, one of the primary proponents of the embodied mind thesis.
According to Lakoff, even mathematics is subjective to the human species and its cultures: thus " any question of math's being inherent in physical reality is moot, since there is no way to know whether or not it is.
Lakoff has also claimed that we should remain agnostic about whether math is somehow wrapped up with the very nature of the universe.
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