A set of ontological distinctions related by a single conceptual metaphor was called an ontological metaphor by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, who claimed that such metaphors arising from experience were more basic than any properties or symbol-based comparisons.

In the realm of linguistics, Noam Chomsky and George Lakoff have been influential ( both have also become notable as political commentators ).

In Metaphors We Live By George Lakoff and Mark Johnson argue that metaphors are pervasive in everyday life, not just in language, but also in thought and action.

( This inspired the title of the George Lakoff book Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things.

One of those who adopted a more Whorfian approach was George Lakoff.

Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being ( hereinafter WMCF ) is a book by George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist, and Rafael E. Núñez, a psychologist.

George P. Lakoff (, born May 24, 1941 ) is an American cognitive linguist and professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1972.

He co-authored Where Mathematics Comes From with George Lakoff.

The most accessible, famous, and infamous treatment of this perspective is Where Mathematics Comes From, by George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez.

* Metaphors We Live By by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, ( 1980 ).

* Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, ( 1997 ).

Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think is a 1996 book by cognitive linguist George Lakoff.

* Lakoff, George.

This idea, and a detailed examination of the underlying processes, was first extensively explored by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their work Metaphors We Live By.

In George Lakoff and Mark Johnson ’ s work, Metaphors We Live By ( 1980 ), we see how everyday language is filled with metaphors we may not always notice.

A less extreme, but similar, claim is made by George Lakoff in his book Moral Politics and his later book on framing, Don't Think of an Elephant !.

* Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson ( 1999 ) Philosophy in the Flesh.

* Lakoff, George & Mark Turner ( 1989 ) More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor.

* Lakoff, George ( 1987 ) Women, Fire and Dangerous Things.

* Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson ( 1980 ) Metaphors We Live By.

* Lakoff, George ( 1987 ).

Since the research by Eleanor Rosch and George Lakoff in the 1970s, categorization can also be viewed as the process of grouping things based on prototypes-the idea of necessary and sufficient conditions is almost never met in categories of naturally occurring things.

Resisting ideolologies involves resisting the conceptual metaphors which an ideology adopts and imposes upon us, Goatly argues, following George Lakoff and his critique of conceptual metaphors in contemporary politics.

Linguist George Lakoff has proposed a cognitive science of mathematics wherein even the most fundamental ideas of arithmetic would be seen as consequences or products of human perception — which is itself necessarily evolved within an ecology.

Moral Politics ( 1996, revisited in 2002 ) gives book-length consideration to the conceptual metaphors that Lakoff sees as present in the minds of American " liberals " and " conservatives ".

Between 2003 and 2008, Lakoff was involved with a progressive think tank, the Rockridge Institute, an involvement that follows in part from his recommendations in Moral Politics.

Among his activities with the Institute, which concentrates in part on helping liberal candidates and politicians with re-framing political metaphors, Lakoff has given numerous public lectures and written accounts of his message from Moral Politics.

Lakoff wrote Moral Politics soon after the Republican Party's " Contract With America " takeover of Congress under the Clinton presidency, and his usage of the terms " liberal " and " conservative " is strongly resembles how those labels might have been used in the 1994 elections, the former having much to do with the Democratic party and the latter with the Republican party ; indeed, chapter 9, " Moral Categories in Politics ", presents Hillary Clinton as a prototypical " liberal " and Newt Gingrich as a prototypical " conservative ".

In chapter 7, " Why We Need a New Understanding of American Politics ", Lakoff tries to refute several conceptions of " Conservatism " that he views as much too simplistic to be true.

* Lakoff, G and Johnson, M. ( 1999 ).

Lakoff and Johnson give several examples of daily metaphors we use, such as “ argument is war ” and “ time is money .” Metaphors are widely used in context to describe personal meaning.

It was Lakoff & Johnson ( 1980, 1999 ) who greatly contributed to establishing the importance of conceptual metaphor as a framework for thinking in language.

* Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live By ( IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980 ), Chapters 1 – 3.

In his book Women, Fire and Dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind, Lakoff reappraised the hypothesis of linguistic relativity and especially Whorf's views about how linguistic categorization reflects and / or influences mental categories.

Lakoff concluded that since many of Whorf's critics had criticized him using definitions of linguistic relativity that Whorf did not himself use, their criticisms were often ineffective.

Lakoff and Núñez's avowed purpose is to begin laying the foundations for a truly scientific understanding of mathematics, one grounded in processes common to all human cognition.

WMCF builds on earlier books by Lakoff ( 1987 ) and Lakoff and Johnson ( 1980, 1999 ), which analyze such concepts of metaphor and image schemata from second-generation cognitive science.

Some of the riches of these earlier books, such as the interesting technical ideas in Lakoff ( 1987 ), are absent from WMCF.

Lakoff and Núñez hold that mathematics results from the human cognitive apparatus and must therefore be understood in cognitive terms.

Lakoff and Núñez start by reviewing the psychological literature, concluding that human beings appear to have an innate ability, called subitizing, to count, add, and subtract up to about 4 or 5.

Lakoff and Núñez conclude that while the potential infinite is not metaphorical, the actual infinite is.

Lakoff and Núñez argue that the expectation of closure is an artifact of the human mind's ability to relate fundamentally different concepts via metaphor.

Lakoff and Núñez are not the first to argue that conventional approaches to the philosophy of mathematics are flawed.

Lakoff and Núñez cite Saunders MacLane ( the inventor, with Samuel Eilenberg, of category theory ) in support of their position.

:" Lakoff " and " Professor Lakoff " redirect here.