Roger Nunn considers different types of competence in relation to the teaching of English as an International Language, arguing that linguistic competence has yet to be adequately addressed in recent considerations of EIL.

The term is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language as an emphasis on race or racial considerations.

He probably would have remained a well-respected but minor jazz figure had he not written an original number to fill out his covers of Antonio Carlos Jobim / Luis Bonfá tunes on his 1962 album, Jazz Impressions of Black Orpheus, inspired by the French / Brazilian film Black Orpheus, which won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Phonics advocates assert that, to read a large vocabulary of words correctly and fluently requires detailed knowledge of the structure of the English language, particularly spelling-speech patterns. Whole Language advocates assert that students do not need to be able to sound out words, but should look at unknown words and figure them out using context.

Linguist Mark Liberman of Language Log has suggested that Bush is not unusually error-prone in his speech, saying: " You can make any public figure sound like a boob, if you record everything he says and set hundreds of hostile observers to combing the transcripts for disfluencies, malapropisms, word formation errors and examples of non-standard pronunciation or usage ...

Language and cultural barriers routinely figure into the course of justice, raising questions about the ability of the judicial system to respond to the needs of a changing society.

George Orwell uses Ecclesiastes ( specifically 9: 11 ) prominently in Politics and the English Language to exemplify the qualities of " good English.

The music video for " It's Only Love " made history as the first music video to prominently use American Sign Language.

Of all his more general works the boldest and most far-reaching was his Geschichte der deutschen Sprache ( History of the German Language ), in which the linguistic elements are emphasized.

Such a dictionary is usually called a general dictionary or LGP dictionary ( Language for General Purpose ).

He is the author of six books for a general audience: The Language Instinct ( 1994 ), How the Mind Works ( 1997 ), Words and Rules ( 2000 ), The Blank Slate ( 2002 ), The Stuff of Thought ( 2007 ), and The Better Angels of Our Nature ( 2011 ).

In the introduction to his own Language in Action, a 1941 Book of the Month Club selection, Hayakawa wrote, " principles have in one way or another influenced almost every page of this book ...." But, Hayakawa followed Chase's lead in interpreting general semantics as making communication its defining concern.

Syntactic preprocessors are typically used to customize the syntax of a language, extend a language by adding new primitives, or embed a Domain-Specific Programming Language inside a general purpose language.

The faculty also houses the Anglia Ruskin University Language Centre, which provides language training and courses to students, staff and the general public, and supports 11 research clusters, including the Cultures of the Digital Economy Research Institute ( CoDE ) Research Institute.

Language education may take place as a general school subject or in a specialized language school.

* PL / I ( Programming Language One )-a hybrid commercial / scientific general purpose language supporting pointers.

* Unified Modeling Language ( UML ) is a general modeling language to describe software both structurally and behaviorally.

Note that some theories, such as the Closed-class Constraint, the Matrix Language Frame model, and the Functional Head Constraint, which make general predictions based upon specific presumptions about the nature of syntax, are controversial among linguists positing alternative theories.

Language technology is closely connected to computer science and general linguistics.

Societies can be very general in nature, such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, specific to a given discipline, such as the Modern Language Association, or specific to a given area of study, such as the Royal Entomological Society.

This general attitude is strikingly present in Alfred Ayer's logical empiricist work Language, Truth and Logic.

The Language school includes a high proportion of women, which mirrors another general trend — the rediscovery and promotion of poetry written both by earlier and contemporary women poets.

Courses are offered in five general subject areas: Creative Arts, Home and Garden, Language and Culture, Recreation and Wellness, and Work and Life Balance.

Later, as research on sign languages in general and Finnish Sign Language in particular determined that sign languages tend to have a very different grammar to oral languages, the teaching of Finnish Sign Language and " Signed Finnish " have diverged.

This proposal was highly considered unpopular in East-Pakistan, and subsequently led to what is now known as the Language Movement, as well as a general loss of power for the ruling Muslim League.

In The Language of New Media, Lev Manovich proposes five “ principles of new media ”— to be understood “ not as absolute laws but rather as general tendencies of a culture undergoing computerization .” The five principles are numerical representation, modularity, automation, variability, and transcoding.

* Wampanoag Language and the Wampanoag Indian Tribe, ( general information and links )

Sandro Nielsen is an authority on legal lexicography and bilingual law dictionaries and has proposed a fundamentally sound general theory of bilingual legal lexicography, which is described in his book The Bilingual LSP Dictionary – Principles and Practice for Legal Language published in 1994.

In 1948, within the framework of a general reorganization, the Language Committee and the Academy combined to form the Akademio de Esperanto.

* Guarded Command Language and Predicate transformer semantics

SISAL ( Streams and Iteration in a Single Assignment Language ) is a general-purpose single assignment functional programming language with strict semantics, implicit parallelism, and efficient array handling.

Language abilities are often observed to be deficient until adolescence, in terms of semantics, morphology, and phonology, though not in vocabulary.

* Executable UML, a profile of the Universal Modeling Language specification defining an executable semantics for a subset of UML

The Guarded Command Language ( GCL ) is a language defined by Edsger Dijkstra for predicate transformer semantics.

The Contextual Query Language ( formerly called the Common Query Language ) is based on Z39. 50 semantics.

* Talmy, Leonard ( 2000 ) ‘ Force Dynamics in Language and Cognition ’ Chapter 7 of Talmy, Toward a cognitive semantics vol I: Concept structuring systems.

Language development is sometimes separated into learning of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and discourse or pragmatics.

A UML tool or UML modeling tool is a software application that supports some or all of the notation and semantics associated with the Unified Modeling Language ( UML ), which is the industry standard general purpose modeling language for software engineering.

At the University of Idaho, Adams teaches courses on linguistics, and grammar and semantics for the English as a Second Language program.

SPL ( Sentence Plan Language ) is an abstract notation representing the semantics of a sentence in natural language.

The Specification and Description Language provides both a graphical Graphic Representation ( SDL / GR ) as well as a textual Phrase Representation ( SDL / PR ), which are both equivalent representations of the same underlying semantics.

At the turn of the century he became active in the Semantic Web community, contributing substantially ( perhaps solely ) to the revised semantics of RDF known as RDF-Core, one of the three designers ( along with Peter Patel-Schneider and Ian Horrocks ) of the Web Ontology Language semantics, and most recently contributed to SPARQL.