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Language families which distinguish ejective consonants include all three Caucasian families ( Northwest Caucasian languages, Northeast Caucasian languages and Kartvelian Georgian language ); the Athabaskan, Siouan and Salishan families of North America, along with the many diverse families of the Pacific Northwest from central California to British Columbia ; the Mayan family and Aymara ; the southern varieties of Quechua ( Qusqu-Qullaw ); the Afro-Asiatic family ( notably most of the Cushitic and Omotic languages, Hausa and South Semitic languages like Amharic and Tigrinya ) and a few Nilo-Saharan languages ; Sandawe, Hadza, and the Khoisan families of southern Africa.
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Language and families
* Language families and languages
* Language families and languages
Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
** Language families and languages
Category: Language families
* Language stock, a proposed long-range grouping of language families also known as a macrofamily
* Language families and languages
According to Encyclopædia Britannica: Language families, as conceived in the historical study of languages, should not be confused with the quite separate classifications of languages by reference to their sharing certain predominant features of grammatical structure .< ref >" language.
Language families and languages -
Linguist William Poser in Language Log has criticized some of Cavalli-Sforza's comments about linguistics, in particular the suggestion, echoing controversial linguists Merritt Ruhlen and Joseph Greenberg, that some mainstream linguists are unnecessarily conservative about hypothesized long-range relationships between language families, and an overstatement that Greenberg's critics " have ruled out the possibility of hierarchical classification ", which Cavalli-Sforza did not defend when challenged by Poser, but deferred to Ruhlen.
Many of the proposed ( and often speculative ) groupings of families can be seen in Campbell ( 1997 ), Gordon ( 2005 ), Kaufman ( 1990, 1994 ), Key ( 1979 ), Loukotka ( 1968 ), and in the Language stock proposals section below.
Category: Language families
Category: Language families
Category: Language families
Category: Language families
Category: Language families
Category: Language families
Category: Language families
Category: Language families
Category: Language families
Language and which
Other languages, such as Thai Sign Language, developed as a creole of ASL and indigenous sign ; a similar situation may have occurred with Malaysian Sign Language, which in turn was the base of Indonesian Sign Language.
Cyprus Sign Language is reported to be a blend of ASL and Greek Sign Language, which may itself have developed from a combination of ASL and FSL.
Stokoe used it for his 1965 A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles, the first dictionary with entries in ASL — that is, the first dictionary which one could use to look up a sign without first knowing its conventional gloss in English.
APL ( named after the book A Programming Language ) is an interactive array-oriented language and integrated development environment, which is available from a number of commercial and noncommercial vendors and for most computer platforms .< ref >
ALGOL ( short for ALGOrithmic Language ) is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in the mid 1950s which greatly influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the ACM, in textbooks, and academic works for the next 30 years and more.
To simplify animation of sprites, AMOS included the AMOS Animation Language ( AMAL ), a compiled sprite scripting language which runs independently of the main AMOS BASIC program.
He was also invited to contribute an article to a theosophical journal, Theosophist, published in Madras, India, for which he wrote " Language, Mind and Reality ".
" Stroustrup also wrote what many consider to be the standard textbook for the language, The C ++ Programming Language, which is now in its third edition.
The notation aspect of the Booch method has now been superseded by the Unified Modeling Language ( UML ), which features graphical elements from the Booch method along with elements from the object-modeling technique ( OMT ) and object-oriented software engineering ( OOSE ).
More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva which is short form of Brahui Roman Likvar has been developed by the Brahui Language Board of the University of Balochistan in Quetta.
In the 1980s, Japanese personal computers such as the NEC PC-88 came installed with FM synthesis sound chips and featured audio programming languages such as Music Macro Language ( MML ) and MIDI interfaces, which were most often used to produce video game music, or chiptunes.
; Common Language Specification ( CLS ): A set of base rules to which any language targeting the CLI should conform in order to interoperate with other CLS-compliant languages.
All compatible languages compile to Common Intermediate Language ( CIL ), which is an intermediate language that is abstracted from the platform hardware.
In Britain rhyming slang had a resurgence of popular interest beginning in the 1970s resulting from its use in a number of London-based television programmes such as Steptoe and Son, Mind Your Language, The Sweeney ( the title of which is itself rhyming slang —" Sweeney Todd " for " Flying Squad ", a rapid response unit of London ’ s Metropolitan Police ), Minder, Citizen Smith, Only Fools and Horses, and EastEnders.
The mostly static patterns from A Pattern Language have been amended by more dynamic sequences, which describe how to work towards patterns ( which can roughly be seen as the end result of sequences ).
* A Pattern Language which Generates Multi-service Centers , with Ishikawa and Silverstein ( 1968 )
* Language: All digital communications require a language, which in this context consists of all the information that the sender and receiver of the digital communication must both possess, in advance, in order for the communication to be successful.
Comparisons have been made between Doublespeak and Orwell's descriptions on political speech from his essays Politics and the English Language in which " unscrupulous politicians, advertisers, religionists, and other doublespeakers of whatever stripe continue to abuse language for manipulative purposes ".
One of Hofstadter's columns in Scientific American concerned the damaging effects of sexist language, and two chapters of his book Metamagical Themas are devoted to that topic, one of which is a biting analogy-based satire entitled " A Person Paper on Purity in Language ", in which the reader's presumed revulsion at racism and racist language is used as a lever to motivate an analogous revulsion at sexism and sexist language.
In 1990, Steven Pinker and Paul Bloom published their paper " Natural Language & Natural Selection " which strongly argued for an adaptationist approach to language origins.
Language and distinguish
In 1983, the American National Standards Institute formed a committee, X3J11, to establish a standard specification of C. After a long and arduous process, the standard was completed in 1989 and ratified as ANSI X3. 159-1989 " Programming Language C ." This version of the language is often referred to as " ANSI C ", or sometimes " C89 " ( to distinguish it from C99 ).
Early in its development, YAML was said to mean " Yet Another Markup Language ", but it was then reinterpreted ( backronyming the original acronym ) to distinguish its purpose as data-oriented, rather than document markup.
The libraries, the Language Centre, the museum, the laboratories, the restaurants, the coffee bars, the sports facilities and other meeting places available to students and staff, complete the picture of the University, whose aim is to distinguish itself not only for the quality of its teaching and professional training, but also for the efficiency of its services and the pleasantness of its surroundings.
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