Leuchter's opposition to the possibility of gas chambers rests on the relatively low concentration of cyanide residue measured in his sample of the remains of the gas chambers in Auschwitz, compared to his sample of the " delousing chambers " in which clothes were deloused using the same gas, hydrogen cyanide.

Drawings of where the samples were taken from, the footage of their collection and Leuchter's notebook were surrendered as permanent evidence to the court, and Leuchter concluded that his findings were based on his " expert knowledge " for gas chamber operation, his visual inspections of what remains of the structures at Auschwitz, and " original drawings and blueprints of some of the facilities ".

" It quoted Dr. Edward A. Brunner, chairman of the anesthesia department at Northwestern University Medical School, as saying Leuchter's lethal injection system would indeed paralyze a condemned criminal with Pavulon, but far from being humane this paralysis would merely stop the prisoner from screaming at the " extreme pain in the form of a severe burning sensation " caused by the potassium chloride injection.

Since a building that contains Prussian blue staining would exhibit much higher levels of detectable cyanides than one without anyway, Green writes that Leuchter's and Rudolf's measurements reveal nothing more than what is already visible to the naked eye.

Robert Jan van Pelt, who appears in Mr. Death to specify some of Leuchter's scholarly failures ( e. g. not consulting the large documentation archive available at Auschwitz ), served as the primary expert witness against Irving at the libel trial of Deborah Lipstadt in 2000, relating to the court the strength of the physical and documentary evidence supporting the use of that camp for gassing.

In addition, Irving was influenced to embrace Holocaust denial by the American historian Arno J. Mayer's 1988 book Why Did the Heavens Not Darken ?, which did not deny the Holocaust, but claimed that most of those who died at Auschwitz were killed by disease ; Irving saw in Mayer's book an apparent confirmation of Leuchter's and Zündel's theories about no mass murder at Auschwitz.

Judge Thomas dismissed Leuchter's opinion because it was of " no greater value than that of an ordinary tourist ", and in regards to Leuchter's opinion said:

The manager of the analytical laboratory hired by Leuchter states in an interview in Errol Morris ' film Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr., that Leuchter's thick samples of brick would have greatly diluted the cyanide residue, which forms only an extremely fine layer on the walls and cannot penetrate.

Leuchter's opposition to the possibility of homicidal gassings at Auschwitz relies on residual cyanide remains found in the homicidal gas chambers and delousing chambers at Auschwitz.

Leuchter's report states that the small amounts of cyanide he detected in the ruins of the crematoria are merely the result of fumigation.

Due to Leuchter's ignorance of the large disparity between the amounts of cyanide necessary to kill humans and lice, instead of disproving the homicidal use of gas chambers, the small amounts of cyanide which Leuchter detected actually tended to confirm it.

After work on the second Zündel trial, Irving declared based on his exposure to Zündel's and Leuchter's theories that he was now conducting a " one-man intifada " against the idea that there had been a Holocaust.

After the trial, Irving published Leuchter's report as Auschwitz The End of the Line: The Leuchter Report in the United Kingdom in 1989 and wrote its foreword.

Leuchter's book had been first published in Canada by Zündel's Samisdat Publishers in 1988 as The Leuchter Report: The End of a Myth: An Engineering Report on the Alleged Execution Gas Chambers at Auschwitz, Birkenau and Majdenek.

Leuchter's broader claims are that his work in this area is " humanitarian ", providing greater respect for both guards and those to be executed.

Leuchter " aggressively solicited business " and in 1985 the state of New Jersey purchased Leuchter's proposal for a lethal injection system for $ 30, 000.

In 1990 Newsweek reported Alabama Assistant Attorney General Ed Carnes calling Leuchter's views on the gas chamber " unorthodox " and alleging that " Leuchter was running a death row shakedown scheme: if a state didn't purchase Leuchter's services, he would testify at the last minute for the condemned man that the state's death chamber might malfunction.

" In his memorandum to death penalty states, Carnes observed that in Florida and Virginia the federal courts had rejected Leuchter's testimony as unreliable.

The Virginia court decided the credibility of Leuchter's affidavit was limited because Leuchter was " the refused contractor who bid to replace the electrodes in the Virginia chair.

Many of Leuchter's conclusions are based on the assumption that it takes 20 to 30 hours to air a room disinfected with Zyklon-B ; since far lower concentrations are required when gassing people than for delousing it actually takes 20 to 30 minutes to air out the room, and the forced ventilation systems used are more than adequate to allow the gas chambers to be operated without endangering the executioners.

When questioned in court, Leuchter admitted he had not seen a document by the Waffen SS Commandant for construction issued when the gas chambers were constructed which estimated they had a 24-hour capacity of 4756 people, more than 30 times Leuchter's estimate of 156.

Protests were organized outside the court house in Canada, and near Leuchter's home in Malden, Massachusetts.

To control the odor, modern toilets use a small fan to keep the toilet under negative pressure, and exhaust the gasses to a vent pipe.

A subsequent review of these tests by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Scientific Advisory Panel points out that while " the negative results decrease the probability that the Cry9C protein is the cause of allergic symptoms in the individuals examined ... in the absence of a positive control and questions regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the assay, it is not possible to assign a negative predictive value to this "

The practice aims to liberate from negative conditioning and leads to control over perception and cognition.

The concept of the feedback loop to control the dynamic behavior of the system: this is negative feedback, because the sensed value is subtracted from the desired value to create the error signal, which is amplified by the controller.

A more comprehensive approach to measuring cost-effectiveness or efficacy of malarial control would not only measure the cost in dollars of the project, as well as the number of people saved, but would also consider ecological damage and negative aspects of insecticide use on human health.

The rate of hormone biosynthesis and secretion is often regulated by a homeostatic negative feedback control mechanism.

The acceptance of artificial methods of birth control is then claimed to result in several negative consequences, among them a " general lowering of moral standards " resulting from sex without consequences, and the danger that men may reduce women " to being a mere instrument for the satisfaction of own desires "; finally, abuse of power by public authorities, and a false sense of autonomy.

Leonard Ferguson's Religionism was defined by belief in God and negative attitudes toward evolution and birth control ; Humanitarianism was related to attitudes opposing the harsh treatment of criminals, capital punishment, and war ; and Nationalism described variation in opinions on censorship, law, patriotism, and communism.

Risk management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks ( defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives, whether positive or negative ) followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and / or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.

Applying a negative DC voltage (" bias ") to the control grid will repel some of the electron stream back towards the cathode, thus isolating the plate from the cathode ; full bias will turn the tube off by blocking all current from the cathode.

As the Constitution requires that the popular branch of the legislature should have an absolute check, so as to put a peremptory negative upon every act of the government, it requires that the common people, should have as complete a control, as decisive a negative, in every judgment of a court of judicature.

When held negative with respect to the cathode, the control grid creates an electric field which repels electrons emitted by the cathode, thus reducing or even stopping the current between cathode and anode.

As long as the control grid is negative relative to the cathode, essentially no current flows into it, yet a change of several volts on the control grid is sufficient to make a large difference in the plate current, possibly changing the output by hundreds of volts ( depending on the circuit ).

As the voltage applied to the so-called control grid ( or simply " grid ") was lowered from the cathode's voltage to somewhat more negative voltages, the amount of current from the filament to the plate would be reduced.

His forced conversions or evictions carried out in the midst of the Thirty Years ' War, which with the later general success of the Protestants therefore had greatly negative consequences for Habsburg control of the Holy Roman Empire itself, while these campaigns within the Habsburg hereditary lands were largely successful in religiously purifying his demesnes, leaving the Austrian Emperors thereafter with much greater control within their hereditary power base — although Hungary was never successfully re-Catholicized — but one much reduced in population and economic might while less vigorous and weakened as a nation-state.

* In telecommunications, a negative-acknowledge character ( NAK or NACK ) is a transmission control character sent by a station as a negative response to the station with which the connection has been set up.

In infectious disease control a smoke test is done to see whether a room is under negative pressure.

Stimulus control therapy is a treatment for patients who have conditioned themselves to associate the bed, or sleep in general, with a negative response.

" he wrote, " We must rapidly bring the world population under control, reducing the growth rate to zero or making it negative.

The researchers found that both the control and the eating disorder patients showed attentional bias against high fat foods and negative eating pictures.

In many laboratory experiments it is good practice to have several replicate samples for the test being performed and have both a positive control and a negative control.