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Livy informs us that the rapid spread of the cult, which he claims indulged in all kinds of crimes and political conspiracies at its nocturnal meetings, led in 186 BC to a decree of the Senate – the so-called Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus, inscribed on a bronze tablet discovered in Apulia in Southern Italy ( 1640 ), now at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna – by which the Bacchanalia were prohibited throughout all Italy except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate.
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Livy and us
During the height of the Roman Empire, famous historians such as Polybius, Livy and Plutarch documented the rise of the Roman Republic, and the organization and histories of other nations, while statesmen like Julius Caesar, Cicero and others provided us with examples of the politics of the republic and Rome's empire and wars.
The traditional account of Roman history, which has come down to us through Livy, Plutarch, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and others, is that in Rome's first centuries it was ruled by a succession of seven kings.
The study of these different institutions has been considerably renewed thanks to epigraphy, which has given us the possibility to reread the indications given us by ancient literary sources such as Livy and Polybius.
Livy says merely that the colony was sent in Thurinum agrum, and does not mention anything of a change of name ; but Strabo tells us that they gave to the new colony the name of Copiae, and this statement is confirmed both by Stephanus of Byzantium, and by the evidence of coins, on which, however, the name is written " COPIA ".
Howard says :" The argument that Livy made free use of Antias and mentioned him only in case of disagreement is absolutely without foundation, for we have seen fourteen specific instances in which, although Livy does not mention him, he nevertheless disagrees with his statements as known to us from other sources, or absolutely disregards them ...."
The phrase Salus Populi Romani goes back to the legal system and pagan rituals of the ancient Roman Republic, where Livy tells us that the augur would ask the gods for permission for the praetors to pray for it.
Livy and cult
According to Livy, the extension happened in an era when the leader of the Bacchus cult was Paculla Annia – though it is now believed that some men had participated before that.
Suggestions by Livy that the Romans banned the rites because women occupied leadership positions in the cult have been dismissed by Celia Schultz, thus: In light of view of female religious activity ... and despite the claims of Livy's narrative, it is unlikely that the gender of worshippers involved was the primary motivation behind the Senate's action.
According to Livy, she largely changed the rules of Bacchanalias so that regarding nothing as impious or forbidden became the very sum of Bacchus ' cult.
Livy and which
Her function as bestower of authority to rule is also attested in the story related by Livy in which a Sabine man who sacrifices a heifer to Diana wins for his country the seat of the Roman empire.
Caesar is the only narrative source for this episode, as the corresponding books of Livy ’ s histories are only preserved in the Periochae, short summarising lists of contents, in which hostages given by the Romans, but no yoke, are mentioned.
According to Livy, the Rutuli were, at that time, a very wealthy nation and Tarquinius was keen to obtain the booty which would come with victory over the Rutuli in order, in part, to assuage the anger of his subjects.
Pocock, in the so-called " Cambridge School " of interpretation have been able to show that some of the republican themes in Machiavelli's political works, particularly the Discourses on Livy, can be found in medieval Italian literature which was influenced by classical authors such as Sallust.
Livy records that in 192 BC, duumvir Q. Marcus Ralla dedicated to Jupiter on the Capitol the two temples promised by L. Furius Purpureo ( one of which was that promised during the war against the Gauls ).
Florus calls it the urbs urbinum, or capital of Sardinia, and represents it as taken and severely punished by Gracchus, but this statement is wholly at variance with the account given by Livy, of the wars of Gracchus, in Sardinia, according to which the cities were faithful to Rome, and the revolt was confined to the mountain tribes.
Abano, which is nearby, is the birthplace of the reputed historian Livy.
There is some discrepancy as to the people to which it belonged at contact: Pliny expressly assigns it to the Hirpini ; but Livy certainly seems to consider it as belonging to the Samnites proper, as distinguished from the Hirpini ; and Ptolemy adopts the same view.
Livy says not a word of Cato's interference in this matter, but mentions the bitterness with which Fabius blamed Scipio of corrupting military discipline and of having illegally left his province to take the town of Locri.
Even Flaccus hesitated, but his colleague Cato was inflexible, and made an impolite and characteristic speech, the substance of which, remodelled and modernized, is given by Livy.
Cato also ordered the demolition of houses which encroached on the public way, and built the first basilica in the Forum near the Curia ( Livy, History, 39. 44 ; Plutarch, Marcus Cato, 19 ).
40 ) in which Livy describes the character of Cato, there is no word of blame for the rigid discipline of his household.
It was apparently one of the cities which revolted to the Carthaginians immediately after the battle of Cannae, though, in another passage, Livy seems to place its defection somewhat later.
The bond of the twelve Etruscan populi was renewed annually at the sacred grove of Fanum Voltumnae, the sanctuary of Voltumnus sited near Volsinii ( present day Bolsena ), which was mentioned by Livy .< ref > Livy, iv 23, 25 and 61 ; v 17, vi 2.
Livy mentions their principal town, Castrum Bergium which was likely the precursor to the modern town of Berga.
In terms of subject matter it overlaps with the much longer Discourses on Livy, which was written a few years later.
In addition to the consul Paullus, Livy goes on to record that among the dead were 2 quaestors, 29 of the 48 military tribunes ( some of consular rank, including the consul of the previous year, Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, and the former Master of the Horse, Marcus Minucius Rufus ), and 80 " senators or men who had held offices which would have given them the right to be elected to the Senate ".
Livy states that Hannibal deployed 4000 Macedonians in the second line, which is normally rejected as Roman propaganda, though T Dorey suggested that there might have been a seed of truth in the story if the Carthaginians had recruited a trivial number of mercenaries from Macedonia who had gone without official blessing.
Livy and claims
In volume 21 of his work Ab Urbe Condita, Livy ( 59 BC-17 AD ) claims that it was a Boian man that offered to show Hannibal the way across the Alps.
Livy claims that his original Etruscan name was Lucumo, but since Lucumo ( Etruscan Lucius ) is the Etruscan word for " King ", there is reason to believe that Priscus ' name and title have been confused in the official tradition.
In spite of the severe punishment inflicted on those found in violation of this decree ( Livy claims there were more executions than imprisonment ), the Bacchanalia survived in Southern Italy long past the repression.
Livy mentions that other sources claim 32, 000 Macedonians were killed and even one writer who due to " boundless exaggeration " claims 40, 000 but concludes that Polybius is the trustworthy source on this matter.
Livy claims that there were more than 61, 000 slain or captured Carthaginian soldiers at the end of the battle and there were still more who escaped the slaughter.
Despite repeated claims by Lega Nord and her local allies about a Celtic heritage, recent studies seem to show that the " bustocchi "' s ancestors were Ligurians, called ‘ wild ’ by Pliny, ‘ marauders and robbers ’ by Livy and ‘ unshaven and hairy ’ by Pompeius Tragus.
Though the actual casualty figure remains debated, Livy claims that the total number of Roman casualties ( not including camp followers or other non-combatants ) amounted to 80, 000.
Livy claims that immediately after the victory, Maharbal urged Hannibal to push on at once with his cavalry upon Rome itself, promising him that if he did so, within five days he should sup in the Capitol.
Livy and all
Like his contemporaries ( all of whom who were educated by reading classical authors such as Livy, Cicero, and Horace ), Shaftesbury admired the simplicity of life of classical antiquity.
The book explicitly notes that, having made war on the ground, man would now fill the skies with death, and all precious things were in danger of being lost, like the lost histories of Rome (" Lost books of Livy ").
According to the Augustan-era historian Livy, Numa Pompilius, a Sabine, devised Rome's system of religious rites, including the manner and timing of sacrifices, the supervision of religious funds, authority over all public and private religious institutions, instruction of the populace in the celestial and funerary rites including appeasing the dead, and expiation of prodigies.
Livy defines his station in the defense as " on guard at the bridge when he saw the Janiculum taken by a sudden assault and the enemy rushing down from it to the river ...." The three defenders of the bridge withstood sword and missile attacks until the troops had all crossed.
In his own era, his writings on almost all the principal divisions of philosophy made Posidonius a renowned international figure throughout the Graeco-Roman world and he was widely cited by writers of his era, including Cicero, Livy, Plutarch, Strabo ( who called Posidonius " the most learned of all philosophers of my time "), Cleomedes, Seneca the Younger, Diodorus Siculus ( who used Posidonius as a source for his Bibliotheca historia Library "), and others.
Niccolò Machiavelli, building on this opposition, conflates all rule by a single person ( whom he generally refers to as a " prince ") with " tyranny ," regardless of the legitimacy of that rule, in his Discourses on Livy.
The Twelve Tables were drawn up on twelve ivory tablets ( Livy says bronze ) which were posted in the Roman Forum so all Romans could read and know them.
Livy 40. 18 ( not included in all editions ) mentions a Lucius Duronius as praetor in Apulia c. 182 BC.
Livy notes that the five diplomatic legates were elder statesmen ; they were all of consular rank except for the praetorian Baebius.
Among the best known ancient and classical examples are that of Jotham in the Book of Judges ( 9: 7-15 ); " The Belly and its Members ," by the patrician Agrippa Menenius Lanatus in the second book of Livy ; and perhaps most famous of all, those of Aesop.
A passage from Livy, ( V, XXXIV ), " summa imperii penes Biturges ", meaning " all the power in the hands of the Bituriges ", has become the motto of the city of Bourges.
While the left wing fled to Veii, the survivors of the right wing fled back to Rome in panic ; as Livy states, " all hastened to Rome and took refuge in the Capitol without closing the gates.
The preface gives a particular account of all the literary men, who have at different periods commented on the works of Livy.
20, 35 ), Festus ( l. c .), and Pseudo-Asconius ; but in all his other books Livy observes a distinction which has been pointed out by Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl ( Parerga zu Plautus, & c. p. 290 ), that ludi magni is the term applied to extraordinary games originating in a vow ( ludi votivi ), while ludi Romani is that applied to the games when they were regularly established as annual ( ludi stati ).
Guarino da Verona, in 1435, used the literary flowering of Augustus's era — which included Livy, Horace, Virgil, and Seneca — to argue against Bruni's contention ; Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini countered with the argument that all the authors had been born during the waning years of the Roman Republic.
Macaulay lacks nothing at all of Livy ’ s sentiment and spirit.
Eventually, Livy concludes, the patricians conceded to some of the plebs ' demands, such as creating the tribunes of the people and establishing legal protection for all citizens against arbitrary intervention from an elected magistrate, and the soldiers returned to the city.
It is not improbable that St Paul, an educated Roman citizen, knew this story ( not necessarily through Livy ) and was prompted by it in his use of the same parable when he admonished the Christians of Corinth that, for all their " diversity of gifts ", they were all members of one body ( I Cor.
According to Livy, Romulus spoke to them each in person, " and pointed out to them that it was all owing to the pride of their parents in denying the right of intermarriage to their neighbours.
294 there had, according to Livy ( X. 47 ), only been 26 pairs of censors, and only 21 lustra, or general purifications, although if all had been regular, there would have been 30 pairs of censors and 30 lustra.
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