One of the schools that grew out of Mohism, the Logicians, are credited by some scholars for their early investigation of formal logic.

* The Logicians or the School of Names, which focused on definition and logic.

One of the schools of Mohism that has received some attention is the Logicians school, which was interested in resolving logical puzzles.

Against the Mathematicians VII-XI is sometimes distinguished from Against the Mathematicians I-VI by giving it the title Against the Dogmatists ( in which case Against the Logicians are called books I-II, Against the Physicists are called books III-IV, and Against the Ethicists is called book V, despite the fact that it is commonly believed that the beginning of the work is missing and it is not known how many books might have preceded the extant books ).

Logicians are undecided whether such sentences are somehow impermissible ( and if so, how to banish them ), or meaningless, or whether they are correct and reveal problems with the concept of truth itself ( and if so, whether we should reject the concept of truth, or change it ), or whether they can be rendered benign by a suitable account of their meanings.

* Each of the Logicians can look around the circle and count the number of times they see each colour.

Suppose that you are one of the Logicians and you see another colour only once.

Logicians concerned with this have tried to develop paraconsistent logics.

It was during the Warring States era that the major philosophies of China, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, and Taoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians.

The School of Names or Logicians ( 名家 ; Míngjiā ; Ming-chia ; " School of names ") grew out of Mohism, with a philosophy that focused on definition and logic.

This flaw is rightly eliminated in the statement of Josephine's Problem ( with its midnights ) and the Alice at the Convention of Logicians problem ( with its regular intervals ).

* Likewise any Logicians who see another colour only once should be able to determine their own colour, and will either leave with dignity or be thrown out as an infiltrator.

Historians such as Joseph Needham have seen this group as developing a precursor philosophy of science that was never fully developed, but others believe that recognizing the Logicians as proto-scientists reveals too much of a modern bias.

Alice at the Convention of Logicians: At the Secret Convention of Logicians, the Master Logician placed a band on each attendee's head, such that everyone else could see it but the person themselves could not.

Alice at the convention of Logicians: This is general induction plus a leap of logic.

If these were the only bands of this colour, then these two Logicians ought to have left at the first bell.

* Matthew DeCoursey, " Continental European Rhetoricians, 1400-1600, and Their Influence in Renaissance England ," British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500 – 1660, First Series, DLB 236, Detroit: Gale, 2001, pp. 309 – 343.

* Jameela Lares, " William Ames ," The Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 281: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500 – 1660, Second Series, Detroit: Gale, 2003, pp. 3 – 13.

In the series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode " Take Me Out to the Holosuite ", Captain Solok, an Academy classmate and longtime rival of Benjamin Sisko, challenges Sisko and other DS9 personnel to a baseball game against his Vulcan team, the Logicians.

* Tita French Baumlin, " Robert Fludd ," The Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 281: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500 – 1660, Second Series, Detroit: Gale, 2003, pp. 85 – 99.

* Matthew DeCoursey, ' Continental European Rhetoricians, 1400 – 1600, and Their Influence in Renaissance England ', British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500 – 1660, First Series, DLB 236, Detroit: Gale, 2001, pp. 309 – 43.

Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by Ibn Taymiyyah ( 1263 – 1328 ), the Ar-Radd ' ala al-Mantiqiyyin ( Refutation of Greek Logicians ), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism and in favour of inductive reasoning.

Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by Ibn Taymiyyah ( 1263 – 1328 ), the Ar-Radd ' ala al-Mantiqiyyin ( Refutation of Greek Logicians ), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism and in favour of inductive reasoning.

* Sextus Empiricus, Sextus Empiricus II: Against the Logicians.

* Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians.

The Logicians or School of Names ( 名家: Míng jiā ) was a Chinese philosophical school that grew out of Mohism in the Warring States Period in 479 – 221 BCE.

* Andrew Breeze, " William Salesbury ," The Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 281: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500 – 1660, Second Series, Detroit: Gale, 2003, pp. 260 – 273.

Logicians have tried to address this concern by developing alternative logics, e. g., relevant logic.

Musicians who use the chance method also exclude subjective control of formal development.

( A formal proof for all finite sets would use the principle of mathematical induction to prove " for every natural number k, every family of k nonempty sets has a choice function.

Although trade unions in Benin represent up to 75 % of the formal workforce, the large informal economy has been noted by the International Trade Union Confederation ( ITCU ) to contain ongoing problems, including a lack of women's wage equality, the use of child labour, and the continuing issue of forced labour.

Euskara Batua was created so that Basque language could be used — and easily understood by all Basque speakers — in formal situations ( education, mass media, literature ), and this is its main use nowadays.

There is no evidence that the term was a title that had any practical use, with implications of formal rights, powers and office, or even that it had any existence before the 9th-century.

Others continue to use the word to describe the style of breakthrough warfare practised by the Axis powers of this period, even if it were not a formal doctrine.

A formal neurological examination runs through a precisely delineated series of tests, beginning with tests for basic sensorimotor reflexes, and culminating with tests for sophisticated use of language.

Most people and institutions in China primarily use the Indian ( Arabic ) system for convenience, with traditional Chinese numerals used mainly in some formal or ceremonial occasions such as on printed money.

The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history.

However, medial capitals are rarely used in formal written English and most style guides recommend against their use.

This was actually the formal name of a person, used by older people to address him, and the one he would use the most in the first decades of his life ( as the person grew older, younger generations would have to use one of the courtesy names instead ).

Where formal correctness proofs are not possible, rigorous use of code review and unit testing represent a best-effort approach to make modules secure.

Because of the negative associations, modern leaders very rarely ( if ever ) use the term in their formal titles.

All EU citizens are now " legally entitled " to use and be titled ( addressed ) as " Doctor " or " Dr ." in all formal, legal and published communications ( provided they do in fact hold the appropriate degree ).

In a less formal version of the argument it might be noted that it is impossible to use language without asserting being, and hence metaphysics, constantly through the use of the various modifications of the verb " to be ".

The National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide in April 1857 documented the use of the number 73 in Morse code to express " love and kisses " ( later reduced to the more formal " best regards ").

Formalist film theory is a theory of film study that is focused on the formal, or technical, elements of a film: i. e., the lighting, scoring, sound and set design, use of color, shot composition, and editing.

An alphabet, in the context of formal languages, can be any set, although it often makes sense to use an alphabet in the usual sense of the word, or more generally a character set such as ASCII.

Although derived from the Latin word feodum or feudum ( fief ), then in use, the term feudalism and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the medieval period.

Several Grand Prix teams established formal links with F3000 teams to develop young drivers ( and engineering talent ); these relationships varied from formal " junior teams " ( such as the one McLaren set up for Nick Heidfeld ) to fairly distant relationships based mostly upon shared sponsors and the use of the ' parent ' team's name.

An important consequence of the completeness theorem is that it is possible to recursively enumerate the semantic consequences of any effective first-order theory, by enumerating all the possible formal deductions from the axioms of the theory, and use this to produce an enumeration of their conclusions.

The formal study of grammar is an important part of education for children from a young age through advanced learning, though the rules taught in schools are not a " grammar " in the sense most linguists use the term, particularly as they are often prescriptive rather than descriptive.