Bad relations between England and Flanders brought hard times to the shepherds scattered over the dales and downs as well as to the crowded Flemish cities, and while the English, so far, had done no more than grumble, Othon had seen what the discontent might lead to, for before he left the Low Countries the citizens of Ghent had risen in protest against the expense of supporting Edward and his troops, and the regular soldiers had found it unexpectedly difficult to put down the nasty little riot that ensued.

Behind him lay the Low Countries, where men were still completing the cathedrals that a later Florentine would describe as `` a malediction of little tabernacles, one on top of the other, with so many pyramids and spires and leaves that it is a wonder they stand up at all, for they look as though they were made of paper instead of stone or marble '' ; ;

the Low Countries, where the Middle Ages were to last for another two centuries and die out only when Charles the Bold of Burgundy met his first defeat in the fields and forests below the walls of Grandson.

* The Capture of Brielle, marked a turning point in the uprising of the Low Countries against Spain in the Eighty Years ' War.

Another famous abjuration was brought about by the Plakkaat van Verlatinghe of July 26, 1581, the formal Declaration of Independence of the Low Countries from the Spanish king, Philip II.

In the remainder of the war in the Low Countries he held high commands, and was present at the Battle of Fleurus.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

Montgomery's training paid off when the Germans began their invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May 1940 and the 3rd Division advanced to the River Dijle and then withdrew to Dunkirk with great professionalism, entering the Dunkirk perimeter in a famous night-time march which placed his forces on the left flank which had been left exposed by the Belgian surrender.

A combination of deception and brilliant administration – designed to conceal his true destination from friend and foe alike – enabled Marlborough to march unhindered from the Low Countries to the River Danube in five weeks.

To isolate the Danube from any Allied intervention, Marshal Villeroi's 46, 000 troops were expected to pin the 70, 000 Dutch and English troops around Maastricht in the Low Countries, while General de Coigny protected Alsace against surprise with a further corps.

Marlborough could not attack Dillingen because of a lack of siege guns – he was unable to bring any from the Low Countries, and Baden had failed to supply any despite assurances to the contrary.

Therefore, in the interest of coalition harmony, Marlborough prepared to campaign in the Low Countries.

Map of the Low Countries during the War of the Spanish Succession.

Barge and canal systems were nonetheless of great, perhaps even primary, economic importance until after World War I in Europe, particularly in the more developed nations of the Low Countries, France, Germany, Poland, and especially Great Britain which more or less made the system characteristically its own.

Again an Expeditionary Force was sent to France, only to be hastily evacuated as the German forces swept through the Low Countries and across France in 1940.

The infantry of the Low Countries, who were at this time almost the best in existence, drove back the French.

Two paintings ( both dated 1565 ) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depict Dutch peasants curling — Scotland and the Low Countries had strong trading and cultural links during this period, which is also evident in the history of golf.

Eugene fought primarily in northern Italy in the early years of the war, then later in the Low Countries.

As the popular response to Luther gathered momentum, the social disorders, which Erasmus dreaded and Luther disassociated himself from, began to appear, including the German Peasants ' War, the Anabaptist disturbances in Germany and in the Low Countries, iconoclasm and the radicalization of peasants across Europe.

Through marriage, the County of Flanders was joined with most of the rest of the Low Countries around 1400 AD, and it lost its independence.

In the Early modern period, the term Flanders was associated with the southern part of the Low Countries: the Southern Netherlands.

The French Revolutionary Wars started in 1792 and ultimately featured spectacular French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries and most territories west of the Rhine – achievements that had eluded previous French governments for centuries.

The vast majority of ethnic Franks, divided between Salians and Ripuarians, were confined respectively to the Low Countries, the northeastern tip of modern France and the Rhine river banks all the way down to near the Main and Hesse areas.

Around this time the center of political and social importance in the Low Countries started to shift from Flanders ( Bruges – Ghent ) to Brabant ( Antwerp – Brussels ), although Ghent would continue to play an important role.

Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power and Representation ( 2006 ).

The County of Hainaut (, ) was a historical region in the Low Countries with its capital at Mons ( Bergen ).

Some originally Low German words found their way to the Bergen dialect through Danish.

The influence of Danish and Low German are apparent in the modern Bergen dialect's phonetics.

He formulated his ideas a little later in his chief work, New fortress Construction ( Nieuwe Vestingbouw op een natte of lage horisont, Leeuwarden, 1685 ), in which he laid down three systems, the characteristic feature of which was the multiplicity and great saliency of the works, which were calculated and in principle are still eminently suited for, flat and almost marshy sites such as those in the Low Countries.

* development of the prepositions auf op, an and zu ~ ' to ' to adjectives denoting ' open ' and ' closed ', as happened in Low Saxon with corresponding up ~ op and to ( and only to a limited degree in Standard German, possibly under northern influence ); e. g.

(< Low Saxon Maak dat Finster op !, cf.

The latest Low is a puzzler.

But there is a difference between the present volume and the early Low.

Low seems to have supported Eden at first and then relented because things worked out differently, so there is no fire in his eye.

* In Astrophysics, auto-correlation is used to study and characterize the spatial distribution of galaxies in the Universe and in multi-wavelength observations of Low Mass X-ray Binaries.

* Low brass is a copper-zinc alloy containing 20 % zinc with a light golden color and excellent ductility ; it is used for flexible metal hoses and metal bellows.

Low vision is sometimes used to describe visual acuities from 20 / 70 to 20 / 200.

Crokinole is called knipsbrat (" flick-board ") in the Low German spoken by Mennonites.

It is sometimes known as Low fantasy in contrast to High fantasy, which is primarily serious in intent and tone.

The term " Low Fantasy " is used to represent other types of fantasy, however, so while comic fantasies may also correctly be classified as low fantasy, many examples of low fantasy are not comic in nature.

* Low cost is of utmost importance.

Some have theorized it emerged from the overwhelming influence of Low German in medieval times, having flattened the originally Nordic melodic accent, but stød is absent in most southern Danish dialects where Low German impact would have been the greatest.

Often logic " 0 " will be a lower voltage and referred to as " Low " while logic " 1 " is referred to as " High ".

Low voltage reduces the specimen damage by the incident electrons and increases image contrast that is especially important for biological specimens.

Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German ( initially Middle Low German, later also standard German ), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.

This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon ( Middle Low German ) during the period of German rule, and High German ( including standard German ).

The name Freyja is in fact a title meaning " lady ", from Proto-Germanic * frawjōn, cognate with West Frisian frou, Dutch vrouw, Low German Fro, Fru, German Frau.

Frankish * forhist is attested by Old High German forst " forest ", Middle Low German vorst " forest ", Old English fyrhþ " forest, woodland, game preserve, hunting ground " ( English frith ), and Old Norse fýri " coniferous forest ", all of which derive from Proto-Germanic * furhísa -, * furhíþija-" a fir-wood, coniferous forest ", from Proto-Indo-European * perk < sup > w </ sup > u-" a coniferous or mountain forest, wooded height ".

The word is continued in German Deutsch ( meaning German ), English " Dutch ", Dutch Duits and Diets ( the latter referring to the historic name for Dutch or Middle Dutch, the former meaning German ), Italian tedesco ( meaning German ), Swedish / Danish / Norwegian tysk ( meaning German ) and Middle Low German dudesch meaning both Low German and the whole of Dutch / German / Low German, as well its descendant, modern Low German dütsch, meaning only Standard High German.