After 1806 he used the titles: " We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria ; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria ; Archduke of Austria ; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola ; Grand Duke of Cracow ; Grand Prince of Transylvania ; Margrave of Moravia ; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen and Friule ; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim ; Princely Count of Habsburg, Gorizia and Gradisca and of the Tirol ; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria ", President of the German Confederation.

Instead, Godfrey himself seems to have used the more ambiguous term princeps, or simply retained his title of dux from Lower Lorraine.

** Duke of Lower Lorraine

In the 10th century Maastricht briefly became the capital of the duchy of Lower Lorraine.

Matilda and Godfrey became estranged after Godfrey the Bearded's death in 1069, and he returned to Germany, where he eventually received the duchy of Lower Lorraine.

His baptismal name was Frederick of Lorraine (), and he was a younger brother of Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine, who, as Margrave of Tuscany ( by his marriage to Beatrice of Bar, widow of Boniface III of Tuscany ), played a prominent part in the politics of the period.

After the death of Lothair in 855, Upper and Lower Burgundy ( Arles and Provence ) passed to his third son Charles of Provence, and the remaining territory north of the Alps to his second son Lothair II, after whom the hitherto nameless territory was called Lotharingia, which name eventually evolved into the modern Lorraine.

* Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine and a Crusader

* Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine

* Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine ( approximate date ; d. 1065

* January 25 – Godfrey I of Leuven, duke of Lower Lorraine

* Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine

( d. 973 ) both banks of the Rhine had become part of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Rhenish territory was divided between the duchies of Upper Lorraine, on the Mosel, and Lower Lorraine on the Meuse.

To help calm the situation in the west, Otto II appointed Charles, his cousin and brother of Lothar, as Duke of Lower Lorraine.

* Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine

In 959, Bruno divided the duchy into Upper and Lower Lorraine which became permanent following his death in 965.

* German emperor Otto II grants Lower Lorraine, where modern-day Brussels is located, to Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, illegitimate son of King Louis IV of France.

( d. 973 ) both banks of the Rhine had become part of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Rhenish territory was divided between the duchies of Upper Lorraine, on the Mosel, and Lower Lorraine on the Meuse.

Until 2003 the Lower Houses were restricted to upper year students but with the double cohort of graduates from Ontario schools many of the rooms were transformed into doubles and now hold first years.

When Quebec was divided into the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada by the Constitutional Act of 1791, the first Act passed by the Legislature of Upper Canada was to adopt the law of England for all purposes, replacing the civil law.

The Cretaceous is divided into Early and Late Cretaceous epochs or Lower and Upper Cretaceous series.

Matthew Gibson has shown that LeFanu used Dom Augustin Calmet's Treatise on Vampires and Revenants, translated into English in 1850 as The Phantom World, the Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould's The Book of Were-wolves ( 1863 ), and his account of Elizabeth Bathory, Coleridge's Christabel, and Captain Basil Hall's Schloss Hainfeld ; or a Winter in Lower Styria ( London and Edinburgh, 1836 ).

In 1784, the two provinces were divided ; Nova Scotia was split into Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island ( rejoined to Nova Scotia in 1820 ), Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick, while Quebec was split into Lower Canada ( southern Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( southern through lower northern Ontario ).

The location of his house in Lower Street is marked with a plaque, although the building itself was demolished ( and elements incorporated into local architect Thomas Lidstone's house on Ridge Hill ) in the 19th century to make way for a new road which was named after Newcomen.

He divided the province into Lower Moesia and Upper Moesia, and transferred three additional legions to the Danube.

The Paleolithic is subdivided into the Lower Paleolithic ( Early Stone Age, ending around 350, 000 – 300, 000 years ago ), the Middle Paleolithic ( Middle Stone Age, until 50, 000 – 30, 000 years ago ), and the Upper Paleolithic.

The country is divided into four geographic regions: A lowland belt running north to south behind the coast ( Lower Guinea ), which is part of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic ecoregion ; the pastoral Fouta Djallon highlands ( Middle Guinea ); the northern savanna ( Upper Guinea ); and a southeastern rain-forest region ( Forest Guinea ).

In the early 1970s the armed forces were organised into four military zones, corresponding to the four geographical regions ( Lower Guinea, Middle Guinea, Upper Guinea, and Forest Guinea ).

German regional cuisine can be divided into many varieties such as Bavarian cuisine ( southern Germany ), Thuringian ( central Germany ), Lower Saxon cuisine or those of Saxony-Anhalt.

Traditionally divided into Upper Galilee ( Galil Elyon ), Lower Galilee ( Galil Tahton ), and Western Galilee ( Galil Ma ' aravi ), extending from Dan to the north, at the base of Mount Hermon, along Mount Lebanon to the ridges of Mount Carmel and Mount Gilboa north of Jenin and Tulkarm to the south, and from the Jordan Rift Valley to the east across the plains of the Jezreel Valley and Acre to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the Coastal Plain in the west.

In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I " Barbarossa " granted Hamburg the status of an Imperial Free City and tax-free access up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea.

As one of his last acts, Severus tried to solve the problem of powerful and rebellious governors in Britain by dividing the province into Upper Britain and Lower Britain.

In 771, Charlemagne reunited the Frankish domains after a further period of division, subsequently conquering the Lombards under Desiderius in what is now northern Italy ( 774 ), incorporating Bavaria ( 788 ) into his realm, defeating the Avars of the Danubian plain ( 796 ), advancing the frontier with Islamic Spain as far south as Barcelona ( 801 ), and subjugating Lower Saxony after a prolonged campaign ( 804 ).

The geography of Iraq is diverse and falls into four main regions: the desert ( west of the Euphrates ), Upper Mesopotamia ( between the upper Tigris and Euphratesh rivers ), the northern highlands of Iraqi Kurdistan, and Lower Mesopotamia, the alluvial plain extending from around Tikrit to the Persian Gulf.

The Jurassic System, in stratigraphy, is divided into Lower Jurassic, Middle, and Upper Jurassic series of rock formations, also known as Lias, Dogger and Malm in Europe.

* 1791 – The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act of 1791 and splits the old Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada.

* 1793 – The Act Against Slavery is passed in Upper Canada and the importation of slaves into Lower Canada is prohibited.

In its lower section it crosses the Lower Main Lowlands ( Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin and northern Upper Rhine Plain ) to Wiesbaden, where it discharges into the Rhine River.

* 1791 – A Constitutional Act is introduced by the British House of Commons in London which envisages the separation of Canada into Lower Canada ( Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( Ontario ).

It is divided for administrative purposes into two regions: Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy.

This measure substantially increased the population of Canada west of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence during this period, a fact recognized by the Constitutional Act of 1791, which split Quebec into the Canadas: Upper Canada southwest of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence, and Lower Canada east of it.

Upper Picture: RS-232 signalling as seen when probed by an actual oscilloscope ( Tektronix MSO4104B ) for an uppercase ASCII " K " character ( 0x4b ) with 1 start bit ( always ), 8 data bits, 1 stop bit and no parity bits ( 8N1 ) Lower Picture: Same signal was inputted into an RS-232 to UART converter, the output is depicted.