Mixed-member proportional representation, also termed mixed-member proportional voting and commonly abbreviated to MMP, is a voting system originally used to elect representatives to the German Bundestag, and nowadays adopted by numerous legislatures around the world.

In 2007 the Citizens ' Assembly on Electoral Reform in Ontario, Canada, also recommended the use of MMP in future elections to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, with a ballot similar to New Zealand's, and with the closed province-wide lists used in New Zealand but with only 30 % compensatory members.

MMP also entered into discussions with AH about purchasing the rights to ASL.

MMP would also develop, print and sell some of the other former Avalon Hill titles.

MMP also continued publication of The Gamers ' Operations Magazine as a " house organ " similar to Avalon Hill's The General, which had ceased publication with the demise of Avalon Hill.

Due to the introduction of the MMP electoral system, a New Right " Association of Consumers and Taxpayers " party, known as ACT New Zealand was formed by ex-Labour New Right-aligned Cabinet Ministers like Richard Prebble and others, and maintaining existing New Right policy initiatives such as the Employment Contracts Act, while also introducing US-style " welfare reform.

Lange also reneged from his promise to hold a binding referendum on the MMP system.

She was also ranked in sixth place on the Labour Party's first MMP party list.

When a Royal Commission proposed the adoption of the MMP electoral system in 1986, it also proposed that if the country adopted the new system, it should abolish the Māori electorates.

Composed of secondary students from across Ontario, it also concluded that Ontario should switch to the MMP ( mixed member proportional ) system.

In summer 2011, MMP started a new magazine called Special Ops which replaced Operations as the MMP house organ.

In the 1996 election, which was conducted under the new Mixed member proportional representation ( MMP ) electoral system, the Alliance won thirteen seats.

She held this seat until the 1996 elections ( being replaced by Tim Barnett ), when she became a list MP under the new MMP electoral system.

United was founded in the middle of 1995, one of a number of new parties hoping to capitalize on the upcoming switch to the MMP electoral system.

United claimed that a deal with National would allow United to moderate National's more extreme right-wing tendencies and that such arrangements would become common practice under the new MMP system.

Clive Matthewson, whose seat had been abolished in the change to MMP, placed fourth in his new electorate.

In the approach to MMP, however, there had been considerable rearrangement in parliament, with three new parties being established.

In the 1996 election, the first to be conducted under the new MMP electoral system, Fitzsimons was placed third on the Alliance party list.

The Coalition was established for the purpose of contesting the 1996 election, which was the first to be held using the new mixed member proportional ( MMP ) voting system.

In 1996 with MMP he won the new seat, and he retired in 1999.

In the 1996 election, when the shift to MMP prompted a reorganization of electorates, King successfully contested the new seat of Rongotai, which she still represents.

In the 1996 elections, which were held under the new MMP electoral system, Harré was ranked in eighth place on the Alliance list.

In the 1996 election, the first to be conducted under the new MMP system, Kopu contested the Te Tai Rawhiti seat, and was ranked twelfth on the Alliance list.

The new MMP electoral system, which made it easier for smaller parties to win seats, convinced Quigley that a strongly free-market party could indeed be successful.

In the 1996 election, conducted under the new MMP system, the Progressive Greens won only 0. 26 % of the vote, considerably below what they had hoped for.

Meurant held the view that the new MMP formula for delivering parliamentary seats precluded any single party from achieving an outright majority ( except in the most exceptional circumstances ).

The 45th Parliament was notable in that it was the first to be elected under the new MMP electoral system, a form of proportional representation.

She held this role until 12 December 1996, when a new ( National ) government was formed with NZ First Party following the first MMP 1996 general election.

Bruce Cliffe then unsuccessfully sought to bring about a merger of ACT and United, along with other smaller " centre " or liberal parties to create a " united " centre party for the new MMP environment.

The introduction of MMP brought further calls for the abolition of the Māori electorates, which many deemed unnecessary in the new system.

Te Tawharau was founded on the principles espoused by Te Haahi Ringatu ( the Ringatu Church ) and sought to persuade the Māori people to recognise that under the new MMP voting system it was possible for Māori to hold the balance of power if Māori was able to unite under a common umbrella.

If successful, the new government would have proposed and passed new law for MMP by December 31, 2008.

Overhang seats can arise in elections under the traditional ( i. e. as it originated in Germany ) mixed member proportional ( MMP ) system, when a party is entitled to fewer seats as a result of party votes than it has won constituencies.

Under MMP, a party is entitled to a number of seats based on its share of the total vote.

This entitled it to seek and gain list votes under the MMP system.

Around the same time, Avalon Hill had made the decision that ASL did not have a future, and so MMP sought to keep it alive among fans by publishing occasional scenarios and a fanzine.

After Avalon Hill was sold to Hasbro in 1999, MMP negotiated to license ASL from Hasbro.

On January 15, 1999, Multi-Man Publishing, LLC ( MMP ) announced an exclusive association with Hasbro, Inc. " to develop, produce, and distribute games and other products for Avalon Hill's Advanced Squad Leader ( ASL ) game system.

" MMP is a gaming company founded in 1994 by Perry Cocke and Brian Youse, and later co-partner Curt Schilling, to preserve ASL and other Avalon Hill games.

Multi-Man Publishing, LLC (" MMP "), founded in 1994, is a Maryland based game company that publishes many wargame titles, including Advanced Squad Leader and Operational Combat Series.

The election uses the MMP electoral system.

He strongly considered forming a break-away party, the New Zealand Democratic Coalition, for the 1996 MMP election but then decided against it.

Unhappy with what seemed to be a pattern of governments failing to reflect the mood of the electorate, New Zealanders in 1992 and 1993 voted to change the electoral system to Mixed Member Proportional ( MMP ), a form of proportional representation.

New Zealand's first MMP election was held in 1996.

Furthermore, the MMP electoral system has complicated this, as the Prime Minister may have to consult with another party leader.

When the 1996 election, the first conducted under the MMP electoral system, gave the balance of power to the centrist New Zealand First party, many believed that Labour would return to power, but in the end New Zealand First allied itself with the National Party.

In countries such as New Zealand, which use an MMP ( mixed-member proportionality ) system of voting, party discipline tends to be high.

* Under the mixed member proportional representation ( MMP ) or Top-Up ( compensatory ) system, the aim is either for the party's total number of representatives, including constituency representatives, to be proportional to its percentage of the party vote, or for the allocation of additional party seats to offset all or most of the disproportionate result in the constituencies.

For instance in the Italian general election, 2001, one of the two main coalitions ( the House of Freedoms, which opposed the MMP system ), linked many of their constituency candidates to a decoy list ( liste civetta ) in the proportional parts, under the name Abolizione Scorporo.

* Other countries using MMP ; see mixed member proportional representation.

MMP is similar to other forms of proportional representation ( PR ) in that the overall total of party members in the elected body is intended to mirror the overall proportion of votes received ; it differs by including a set of members elected by geographic constituency who are deducted from the party totals so as to maintain overall proportionality.

MMP should not be confused with the additional member system used in the United Kingdom, which has no overhang seats and consequently is not completely a form of PR.

MMP is known as personalized proportional representation in Germany, where it is used on the federal level and on most state levels, the Länder.

At the regional or national level ( i. e. above the constituency level ) several different calculation methods have been used, but the basic characteristic of the MMP is that the total number of seats in the assembly, including the single-member seats and not only the party-list ones, are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes the party received in the party portion of the ballot.

As in numerous proportional systems, in order to be eligible for list seats in many MMP models, a party must earn at least a certain percentage of the total party vote, or no candidates will be elected from the party list.

* Lesotho adopted MMP in 2002.

A proposal to adopt MMP with closed province-wide lists for elections to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island was defeated in a referendum in 2005.

) In August 2012, the initial report on a review of the MMP system by the Electoral Commission recommended abolishing the one electorate seat threshold, meaning a party winning an electorate seat but not crossing the 5 % threshold ( which the same report recommends lowering to 4 %) is only awarded that electorate seat.

This tactic is less prevalent in good MMP models with enough extra seats ; for instance in Germany and the German states, generally 50 % of the seats are " list seats " leading to less opportunities for overhangs.

For instance in the Italian general election, 2001, one of the two main coalitions ( the House of Freedoms, which opposed the scorporo system, ( an alternate version of MMP ), linked many of their constituency candidates to a decoy list ( liste civetta ) in the proportional parts, under the name Abolizione Scorporo.

In the 2007 Lesotho general election, the two leading parties, the Lesotho Congress for Democracy and the All Basotho Convention used decoy lists, respectively named the National Independent Party and the Lesotho Workers ' Party to avoid the compensatory mechanisms of MMP.