Hillenbrand suggests that the medieval Islamic texts called Maqamat, copied and illustrated by Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti were some of the earliest " coffee table books .< nowiki >"</ nowiki > They were among the first texts to hold up a mirror to daily life in Islamic art, portraying humorous stories and showing little to no inheritance of pictorial tradition.

no: Mahmud I

no: Mahmud Shah

The last sultan, Mahmud Shah ( 1482 – 1518 ) no longer had any authority and presided over the dissolution of his realm.

In an attempt to preserve Aceh's independence, Sultan Mahmud appealed to the other Western powers and Turkey for help but to no avail.

In 1699, Bendahara Abdul Jalil became Sultan Abdul Jalil IV of Johor after the previous sultan, Mahmud Shah II was murdered, leaving no heir behind.

Next, Bahadur invaded Malwa, Mahmud II literally made no resistance and on March 28, 1531 Mandu fell to Bahadur's army.

Sultan Mahmud Lodi a son of Sultan Sikander Lodi of Delhi who was acknowledged by the Afghans of the Delhi kingdom and by the Rana as the successor of his brother Ibrahim Lodi though he possessed no territory yet had with him a body of 10, 000 adventurers who hoped to be liberally rewarded should fortune raise him to the throne.

The first attempt is " The last libation Liberty draws / From the heart that bleeds and breaks in her cause ," to wit, a drop of blood from a young soldier killed for an attempt on the life of Mahmud of Ghazni.

* After the death of Sultan Mahmud II, civil war breaks out in the Delhi Sultanate, splitting the state between east and west.

In 1825, Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II ( ruled 1808-39 ) had succeeded in breaking the stalemate that the war had reached.

In 1121, Sultan Mahmud b. Muhammad ( 1118 – 1131 ) declared a holy war on Georgia and rallied a large coalition of Muslim states led by the Artuqid Najm al-din El-ğazi and Toğrul b. Muhammad.

“ When the Sultan Yaminu-d Daula Mahmud Bin Subuktigin went to wage religious war against India, he made great efforts to capture and destroy Somnat, in the hope that the Hindus would then become Muhammadans.

In 1839, Mahmud resumed the war, hoping to recover his losses, but at the very time he died, the news was on its way to Constantinople that the Empire's army had been signally defeated at Nezib by an Egyptian army led by Muhammad Ali's son, Ibrahim Pasha.

It was during his Caliphate that Mahmud of Ghazni arose, threatening the empire ; and but for the conflicts that broke out in Mahmud's family upon his death, the Buwayhid kingdom, paralysed by damaging war, would have been swallowed.

Son of the preceding Caliph, he achieved more independence as a ruler while the Seljuq sultan Mahmud II was engaged in war in the East.

At the death of sultan Mahmud, a civil war broke out in the Seljuq western territories.

However, when Ahmad Mirza went to war against Sultan Mahmud Khan, the khan of Moghulistan, to reclaim Tashkent from him, Shaybani secretly met the Moghul Khan and agreed to betray and plunder Ahmad's army.

Contrary to the popular view that the Romani people are descended from low-caste Indians who brought their occupations to Europe, he argues that the Romani people are descended from Indian prisoners of war of Mahmud of Ghazni.

After only five months in power he was taken to Tabriz and executed on the 5th of October, 1295, ending the civil war with his successor Mahmud Ghazan.

When the First World War broke out in 1914, the Young Afghan political movement, headed by journalist Mahmud Tarzi and Habibullah's son Amanullah, advocated that Afghanistan enter the war on the German-Turkish side, in direct opposition to Britain.

A war of accusations on timber concessionaires then broke out between Rahman Ya ' kub and Taib Mahmud.

Within private circles, Sultan Iskandar was fondly known as " Moody ", a testimony to his first name " Mahmud.

The Qarakhanid corpus includes a 6, 500 couplet poem, Qutaδγu bilig " Wisdom that brings good fortune ", an Arabic – Turkic dictionary and Mahmud al-Kashgari's " Compendium of the Turkic dialects ".

He was the son of Sultan Mahmud II and succeeded his brother Abdülmecid I in 1861.

Abdülhamid was imprisoned for most of the first forty-two years of his life by his cousins Mahmud I and Osman III and his older brother Mustafa III, as was custom.

Brill and Farishta have recorded that the complete conversion of Afghanistan, Pakistan to Islam was during the rule of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.

The most renowned of the dynasty's rulers was Mahmud of Ghazni, who consolidated control over the areas south of the Amu Darya then carried out devastating raids into India.

Mahmud Shah's first reign lasted for only two years before he was replaced by Shuja Shah.

Only a few weeks after signing the agreement, Shuja was deposed by his predecessor, Mahmud.

Mahmud alienated the Barakzai, especially Fateh Khan, the son of Painda Khan, who was eventually seized and blinded.

A census was taken in the Ottoman Empire 1831-38 by Sultan Mahmud II ( 1808 – 1839 ) as a part of the reform movement Tanzimat.

This came through the influence of Mahmud Tarzi, who was both Amanullah Khan's father-in-law and Foreign Minister.

Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet, journalist, and diplomat, was a key figure that brought Western dress and etiquette to Afghanistan.

It was written in the Tarikh-i Firishta ( 1606 – 1607 ) that Nasir ud din Mahmud the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate presented the envoy of the Mongol ruler Hulegu Khan with a dazzling pyrotechnics display upon his arrival in Delhi in 1258 AD.

Aziz was killed about two years later by Mirwais ' son Mahmud Hotaki, allegedly for planning to give Kandahar's sovereignty back to Persia.

Mahmud began a reign of terror against his Persian subjects and was eventually murdered in 1725 by his cousin, Ashraf Hotaki.

A key force behind these reforms was Mahmud Tarzi, Amanullah Khan's Foreign Minister and father-in-law — and an ardent supporter of the education of women.

The region of Herāt was under the rule of King Nuh III, the seventh of the Samanid line — at the time of Sebük Tigin and his older son, Mahmud of Ghazni.

Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier.

Out of this arose the renowned corps of Janissaries, which was considered the scourge of the Balkans and Central Europe for a long time, until it was abolished by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826.

Zheng He ( 1371 – 1433 ), formerly romanized as Cheng Ho and also known as Ma Sanbao and Hajji Mahmud Shamsuddin, was a Muslim Hui-Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, Somalia and the Swahili coast, collectively referred to as the " Voyages of Zheng He " from 1405 to 1433.

He was the younger brother of Giuseppe Donizetti, who had become, in 1828, Instructor General of the Imperial Ottoman Music at the court of Sultan Mahmud II ( 1808 – 1839 ).

However the Ilyas Shahi dynasty was restored by Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah.

The peasant grew tired of waiting for payment and was pressured into selling it to Nicholas Mourousi, Grand Dragoman of the Fleet, working as a translator for Sultan Mahmud II in Constantinople ( present day Istanbul, Turkey ).

In 1821, Mourousi was executed by order of Sultan Mahmud II in front of the arsenal in Constantinople.

He was killed by Abu Sa ' id Mirza the ruler of Timurid Empire and took possession of Badakhshan, which after his death fell to his son, Sultan Mahmud, who had three sons, Baysinghar Mirza, Ali Mirza and Khan Mirza.