Nationwide political campaigns led by Mao, such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, are often considered catastrophic failures ; and his rule is believed to have caused the deaths of 40 to 70 million people.

Mao Zedong would describe his father as a stern disciplinarian, who would often punish his son and other children – two boys, Tse-min ( b. 1896 ) and Tse-tan ( b. 1905 ), and an adopted girl – for any perceived wrongdoings, sometimes by beating them.

This part of the history of the People's Republic of China is often divided distinctly by historians into the " Mao era " and the " post-Mao era ".

He often wears a jacket without lapels, based loosely either on the Nehru jacket or on the Mao suit, a feature which is used in spoofs like the Austin Powers series, though in his early two appearances on film he wore a black business suit.

The relation which often exists between a person's zì and his míng can be seen in the case of Mao Zedong (), whose zì was Rùnzhī ().

It is a major crop, although often supplemented with cereal crops, amongst the following people indigenous to southern Ethiopia: the Aari, Basketo, Dime, Dizi, Gamo, Gedeo, Gimira, Goffa, Gurage, Hadiya, Kafficho, Kambaata, Konta, Kullo, Maji, Mao, some Oromo groups, Sheko, Sidama, Welayta, Yem, Uba and the Zala.

Mao Zedong consistently used Sun Wukong as a role model, and often spoke about the good example of the Monkey King, citing " his fearlessness in thinking, doing work, striving for the objective and extricating China from poverty ".

The former provided the driving force and often the life force that kept a tradition alive through the Mao years, especially in his adopted city of Beijing, and the latter has been instrumental in maintaining a high standard of symphonic music, as well as working hard for the popularization of the tradition further into the fabric of Chinese culture, across his long career, which continues to the present.

The Chinese Soviet Republic ( CSR, ), also known as the Soviet Republic of China or the China Soviet Republic, and often referred to in historical literature as the Jiangxi Soviet ( after its largest component territory, the Jiangxi-Fujian Soviet ), was a state established in November 1931 by future Communist Party of China leader, Mao Zedong, general Zhu De and others and lasted until 1937.

Lin often read speeches prepared by others, and allowed his name to be placed on articles that he did not write, as long as these materials supported Mao.

Drawing, in an unusual combination, from both Freud and Mao Zedong, Althusser used the idea of overdetermination as a way of thinking about the multiple, often opposed, forces active at once in any political situation, without falling into an over-simple idea of these forces being simply " contradictory.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Iraqis and many other Arabs often supported the idea of a strong leader " along the lines of Stalin or Mao, Ho Chi Minh or Castro " who would act as " a political savior ", acting with great power, a sense of mission and ruling with justice.

As a teenager, Bei Dao was a member of the Red Guards, the enthusiastic followers of Mao Zedong who enforced the dictates of the Cultural Revolution, often through violent means.

She is never seen without her little red book of Mao, which she often quotes from.

Because of the great distance and spare communication with Mao over the next three years, Yang often only saw news about her husband in the KMT ’ s newspapers and worried greatly about his safety.

Perhaps even more significant is how the case shows the dominating power and manipulation of Mao Zedong, during a period when, as is often assumed, Mao's commitment to democratic intra-Party decision-making was at its highest.

In fact, it was only when rural family members of higher military officers, who were often isolated from the countryside in cities or bases, began dying from starvation that higher Communist officials began seriously worrying about the stability of the state, and eventually forced Mao to end the program.

However, they are usually nationalistic and patriotic, and often left-wing in political ideology and tend to defend Mao Zedong's controversial actions during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.

The book also highlighted the hypocritical, often decadent lifestyle Mao experienced, while enforcing strict political and secular restrictions, as well as harmful ideological changes on the population.

* The Mao jacket is a very plain ( often grey ), high-collared, shirtlike jacket customarily worn by Mao Zedong and the people of China during his regime.

Monkeys have often been favourite pets of queens such as Catherine de ' Medici and Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. Mao Zedong's wife Chiang Ch ' ing also had a favoured pet monkey.

Even Wen Yiduo, a scholar whom Mao Zedong and the Chinese communists often praised, expressed his respect and admiration for John Leighton Stuart in his famous last speech.

Paid a low wage, Mao was forced to live in a cramped room near to the university with seven other Hunanese students, but believed that the beauty of Peking offered " vivid and living compensation.

Mao Dun entered the three-year foundation school offered by Peking University in 1913, in which he studied Chinese and Western literature.

In 1940, partly in response to tensions in the United Front, Mao Zedong offered the new Communist Party doctrine, New Democracy.

Mao responded with vague criticisms of Peng, which Peng said was " provocative ".

From episode three, " Abide with Me ", Wolfie lives, with his religious friend Ken, in a flat in the house of his girlfriend's family-Shirley ( played by Cheryl Hall, then Lindsay's wife ), her kindly but vague mother, Florence who mistakenly calls Wolfie " Foxy " and her authoritarian and conservative father, Charlie, who disapproves of Smith's lifestyle and refers to him as a " flaming yeti " or " Chairman Mao ".

Deciding that he would like to become a professional teacher, Mao enrolled at a teacher training college, the Fourth Normal School of Changsha, which had high standards yet low fees and cheap accommodation.

Because Mao's marriage to He had not yet ended, Jiang was reportedly made to sign a marital contract which stipulated that she would not appear in public with Mao as her escort.

Lin's flight affected Mao deeply, and he was yet again left with the dilemma of reasserting an heir apparent.

Although the theory has been codified into both the State and Party constitutions alongside Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, its actual effect has yet to be assessed, and it seems to be losing ground to Hu Jintao's Scientific Development Concept and Harmonious Society ideologies within the party.

Zhou Enlai died on 8 January 1976, at a time when Deng Xiaoping's moderate alliance was not yet strong enough to stand up to both the ailing Mao Zedong and his Cultural Revolution allies, the Gang of Four ( Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Wang Hongwen, and Yao Wenyuan ).

Mao then sought the support of Peng, who had not yet taken a strong position, to lead the PVA.

In 1965 Mao asked Ye to publicly criticize Lin's chief of staff, Luo Ruiqing, on Lin's behalf, even though Ye did not yet hold any high political position.

In addition, Mao, who in these years had not yet visited the Soviet Union, used Kang during this period as a valuable source of information about Soviet affairs.

Chang and Halliday write that “ Shi Zhe observed that Kang was living in a state of deep fear of Mao in this period ” because of his murky past, which had been raised with Mao in many letters from cadres and by the Russians, yet " Far from being put off by Kang ’ s murky past, Mao positively relished it.

All groups pledged loyalty to Mao and claimed to have his best interests in mind, yet they continually engaged in verbal and physical skirmishes all throughout the Cultural Revolution.

Professor Richard Baum of the University of California, Los Angeles said that " it has to be taken very seriously as the most thoroughly researched and richly documented piece of synthetic scholarship yet to appear on the rise of Mao and the CCP.

In 1949, Mao Zedong asserted that " to oppose imperialist aggression, we must build a powerful navy.

Mao set the scene for the Cultural Revolution by " cleansing " powerful officials of questionable loyalty who were based in Beijing.

Peng, a powerful official and Wu Han's direct superior, was the head of the " Five Man Group ", a committee commissioned by Mao to study the potential for a cultural revolution.

Liu Shaoqi, once the most powerful man in China after Mao, was sent to a detention camp, where he later died in 1969.

Zhou becomes the most powerful person in the Party ; Mao becomes Zhou's assistant.

Mao, who was also Chairman of the Communist Party of China and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, was clearly the most powerful person in China.

Peng ( like Lin Biao ) was implicated in passively supporting Gao Gang's effort to replace Liu Shaoqi as the second most powerful person in China in 1953, but then opposed Gao in 1954, once Mao made his own opposition clear.

The term was commonly applied to Mao Zedong, who at times ruled with practically absolute power, and Deng Xiaoping, who was the most influential person in the PRC despite not holding the most powerful official positions.

In Mao Zedong's view, " all reactionaries are paper tigers " — superficially powerful but prone to overextension leading to sudden collapse.

For instance, Party leader Mao Zedong was 82 when he died, while Deng Xiaoping retained a powerful influence until he was nearly 90.

Mao Zedong wrote that The May 4th Movement " marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism ," and argued that " a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new national bourgeoisie.

Reviewing the book for the Daily News of Bowling Green, Kentucky, historian Robert Antony described it as an " intimate, candid account of one of the most powerful men in the modern world " and " a haunting tale of intrigue and debauchery in the court of Mao Zedong, as could only be told by a member of the inner circle " and described Li's journey from an idealized patriot who idolized Mao, to a critic disillusioned by Mao's hypocrisy and philandering.