* 1940 – World War II: Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain becomes Chief of State of Vichy France ( Chef de l ' État Français ).

According to long-time friend and colleague Marc Lalonde, the clerically influenced dictatorships of António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal ( the Estado Novo ), Francisco Franco in Spain ( the Spanish State ), and Marshal Philippe Pétain in Vichy France were seen as political role models by many youngsters educated at elite Jesuit schools in Quebec.

* October 13 – Philippe Antoine d ’ Ornano, Marshal of France ( b. 1784 )

* October 3 – Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur, Marshal of France ( b. 1724 )

* May 18 – Marshal Philippe Pétain is named vice-premier of France.

* January 17 – Philippe Antoine d ’ Ornano, Marshal of France ( d. 1863 )

More recently, the historian Tony Judt used the term to describe Marshal Philippe Pétain of the French Vichy government.

She publicly endorsed General Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War and admired Vichy leader Marshal Philippe Pétain, translating some of the latter's speeches into English.

The Allies had initially split on the best candidate for the throne: Britain favoured the Bourbons, the Austrians considered a regency for Napoleon's son, François Bonaparte, and the Russians were open to either the duc d ' Orléans, Louis Philippe, or Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Napoleon's former Marshal, who was in line for the Swedish throne.

* Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque ( 1902 – 1947 ), Marshal of France, hero of World War II, commander of the famous 2nd Armored Division.

The Vichy collaborationist government, directed by Marshal Philippe Pétain, immediately upon assuming power established a commission to " redefine French citizenship " with the aim of stripping " undesirables ", including naturalized citizens, of their French nationality.

Philippe Pétain | Marshal Pétain shaking hands with Adolf Hitler | Hitler, 24 October 1940

Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain ( 24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 ), generally known as Philippe Pétain ( or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain ), was a French general who reached the distinction of Marshal of France, and was later Chief of State of Vichy France ( Chef de l ' État Français ), a puppet government, from 1940 to 1944.

Weygand did this without any decree of Marshal Philippe Pétain's, " by analogy ," he said, " to the law about Higher Education ".

Cambodian schoolchildren in French Indochina at one point in the early 1940s began their school-day with prayers to Marshal Philippe Pétain, opening with the words, " Our father, which art our Leader, glorious be thy name ... deliver us from evil ".

The motto of Vichy France was " travail, famille, patrie "(" work, family, homeland "), and its leader, Marshal Philippe Pétain, declared that " la terre, elle ne ment pas " (" the earth, it does not lie ") in an indication of his belief that the truest life is rural and agrarian.

Rundstedt's command of French and his good relationship with the head of the collaborationist Vichy regime, Marshal Philippe Pétain, were considerable assets.

In 1755, after the death of Count Friesen, who was a nephew of Marshal Saxe and an officer in the French army, Grimm secured a sinecure worth 2000 livres a year as secretaire des commandements to the Louis Philippe, duc d ' Orléans, a lover of theatre ; in this capacity he accompanied Marshal d ' Estrées on the Westphalia campaign of 1756 – 57.

Marshal Philippe Pétain, a hero of World War I, had signed an armistice with Nazi Germany, and led the collaborating Vichy government while the Germans occupied the country's northern portion.

Although in June 1940 articles in Action Française signed by Maurras, Léon Daudet and Maurice Pujo praised General Charles de Gaulle, Maurras quickly came to acclaim the fall of the Third Republic, replaced by Marshal Philippe Pétain's Vichy France, as a " divine surprise ".

Additionally, the city was the subject of the acclaimed documentary The Sorrow and the Pity, which used Clermont-Ferrand as the basis of the film, which told the story of France under Nazi occupation and the Vichy regime of Marshal Pétain.

Most French men and women had faith in the Vichy government and its figurehead, Marshal Pétain, who continued to be widely-regarded as the " savior " of France, and this generous opinion of Vichy continued until its unpopular policies and collaboration with the foreign occupiers became broadly apparent.

While Prince Louis ' sympathies were strongly pro-French, he tried to keep Monaco neutral during World War II but supported the Vichy France government of his old army colleague, Marshal Pétain.

During Second World War, Action Française supported the Vichy Regime and Marshal Philippe Pétain.

They offered to exchange him for Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus, who had surrendered after Stalingrad, but Stalin turned the offer down, stating " You have in your hands not only my son Yakov but millions of my sons.

On January 31, 1943 the Sixth Army's commander, Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus surrendered, and on February 2, with the elimination of straggling German troops, the Battle of Stalingrad was over.

The blockade by elements of the Leningrad Front remained until May 8, 1945, when the Army Group Courland, then under its last commander, Colonel-General Carl Hilpert, surrendered to Marshal Leonid Govorov, the commander of the Leningrad Front ( reinforced by elements of the 2nd Baltic Front ) on the Courland perimeter.

On 29 April, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani surrendered the Italian LXXXXVII Army ( Liguria ), the army of Mussolini's Italian Social Republic.

François Achille Bazaine ( 13 February 1811 – 23 September 1888 ) was a French General and from 1864, a Marshal of France, who surrendered the last organized French army to the Prussians during the Franco-Prussian war.

In a cynical attempt to prevent the surrender, Hitler promoted Friedrich Paulus, commander of the 6th Army to Field Marshal, because no German of that rank had ever surrendered.

Frederick the Great's 29, 000 Prussians prevented Field Marshal Maximilian Ulysses Count Browne 34, 500 Austrians from relieving their besieged Saxon allies during the Siege of Pirna, who surrendered two weeks later.

Marshal Augereau's VII Corps ran him to earth at Dornbirn where Jellacic surrendered with his infantry on 14 November, his cavalry having gotten away.

Paulus was promoted by Hitler to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall on 31 January 1943, ostensibly in part because until that day no German Field Marshal had ever surrendered.

Although Danish General Bibow bravely protected the infantry retreat, many of the Danish were massacred until Field Marshal Helmfelt ordered that the killing should stop and that Danish and Dutch soldiers that surrendered should be spared.

The panorama opened to the public on 10 December 1977, 100 years to the day that Field Marshal Osman Pasha surrendered to Colonel Mihail Cerchez, ending the Pleven Epopee.

Hilpert surrendered himself, his personal staff, and three divisions of the XXXVIII Corps to Marshal of the Soviet Union Leonid Govorov.

In the latter part of the war, Germany was practically a military dictatorship, with the Supreme High Command ( German: OHL, " Oberste Heeresleitung ") and General Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg as commander-in-chief advising the Kaiser.

The First Battle of El Alamein ( 1 – 27 July 1942 ) was a battle of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, fought between Axis forces ( Germany and Italy ) of the Panzer Army Africa ( Panzerarmee Afrika ) commanded by Field Marshal ( Generalfeldmarschall ) Erwin Rommel, and Allied ( specifically, British Imperial ) forces ( Britain, British India, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand ) of the British Eighth Army commanded by General Claude Auchinleck.

The combination of Bismarck, Defense Minister Albrecht von Roon, and Field Marshal Helmut von Moltke set the stage for victories over Denmark, Austria, and France, and led to the unification of Germany.

Signatories to the Armistice with Germany ( Compiègne ), ending WWI, pose outside Marshal Foch's railway carriage. Front page of The New York Times on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918.

** WWI ends: Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies between 5: 12 AM and 5: 20 AM in Marshal Foch ’ s railroad car in Compiègne Forest in France.

* June 21 – WWII: Vichy France and Germany sign an armistice at Compiegne, in the same wagon-lit railroad car used by Marshal Ferdinand Foch to accept the surrender of Germany in 1918.

Field Marshal Montgomery's goal was to force an entry into Germany and over the Rhine.

* Romania ( 1940 – 1944 )-The " National Legionary State " government of General ( later Marshal ) Ion Antonescu and Horia Sima's Iron Guard was an ally of Germany from 1940-1943.

They were, like those babies, nearly dead from hunger ..." When Field Marshal Montgomery wanted to allot each German citizen a guaranteed diet of only 1, 000 calories a day and justified this by referring to the fact that the prisoners of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp had received only 800, Gollancz wrote about starvation in Germany, pointing out that many prisoners never even received 1, 000 calories.

Born in Heidelberg, Germany, Schomberg had formerly been a Marshal of France, but, being a Huguenot, was compelled to leave France in 1685 because of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

He was the first commander of the British Zone of Occupation in Germany and in 1946 he was promoted to Marshal of the Royal Air Force, one of only two RAF officers ever to hold this rank without serving as Chief of the Air Staff.

After this event the peace of Prague placed the Swedish army in a very precarious position, but the victories won by the united forces of Banér and Field Marshal Alexander Leslie, commander of the Army of the Weser, at the Battle of Wittstock ( October 4, 1636 ), restored the paramount influence of Sweden in central Germany.

The Battle of Dresden was fought on 26 – 27 August 1813 around Dresden, Germany, resulting in a French victory under Napoleon I against forces of the Sixth Coalition of Austrians, Russians and Prussians under Field Marshal Schwartzenberg.

Although Allied commanders generally favoured a broad front policy to continue the advance into Germany and the Netherlands, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery proposed a bold plan to head north through the Dutch Gelderland, bypassing the German Siegfried line defences and opening a route into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr.

The British Military Governor in Germany, Air Marshal Sir Sholto Douglas, was strongly opposed.

The heath was the scene of the unconditional surrender of German forces in northern Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands to the Allies, under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, on May 4, 1945, at the end of World War II in Europe.

# REDIRECT Field Marshal ( Germany )

Nevertheless, as a prelude to offering generous peace terms before the Grand Alliance Louis XIV planned to go over to the offensive: Luxembourg would campaign in Flanders, Catinat in northern Italy, and in Germany, where Louis XIV had hoped for a war-winning advantage, Marshal de Lorge would attack Heidelberg.

In January 1633, as a reward for his service at Lützen, Knyphausen was appointed Field Marshal and commander-in-chief of all Swedish forces operating in Lower Saxony, an important side-theatre to the main Swedish operations in Southern Germany.

He was born on the island of Rügen ( now Germany ) to Philip Julius Bernhard von Platen, Field Marshal and the Swedish Governor General of Pomerania, and Regina Juliana von Usedom.

Troops from Germany commanded by Crown Prince Frederick and directed by his Chief of Staff, General Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal, defeated the French under Marshal Mac-Mahon near the village of Wörth in Alsace, on the Sauer, 10 km north of Haguenau.

When he reported to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, he gave his personal opinion that even if Germany were able, with the cooperation of Spain, to seize Gibraltar, the British would land in Morocco and French West Africa.