Caving was pioneered by Édouard-Alfred Martel ( 1859 – 1938 ) who first achieved the descent and exploration of the Gouffre de Padirac, France as early as 1889 and the first complete descent of a 110 metre wet vertical shaft at Gaping Gill, in Yorkshire, England in 1895.

The oldest of these is the French Federation of Speleology ( originally Société de spéléologie ) founded by Édouard-Alfred Martel in 1895, which produced the first periodical journal in speleology, Spelunca.

Odo was required to pledge allegiance to the Frankish Charles Martel in exchange for help against the Muslim forces, and Vascon-Aquitanian self-rule first came to an end by 742, and definitely in 768 after the assassination of Waifer.

In 1895 Martel founded the Société de Spéléologie, the first organization devoted to cave science in the world.

The first book, which ends in the year 741 with the death of Charles Martel, consists mainly of extracts from Bede, Paulus Diaconus and other writers.

In 716, the Battle of Amblève, between Charles Martel with the Austrasians on one side and the joined forces of the Frisians and Neustrians under Ragenfrid and Chilperic II on the other side, was the first victory for Charles Martel.

The first occurred June of that year, when Martel wrote a letter to a quasi-judicial body concerning the billing practices of a doctor in northern Ontario.

He married Catherine Burns in 1928 ; he married Vivian Martel after the death of his first wife.

The first complete descent was achieved by Édouard-Alfred Martel in 1895.

The first place belongs to Girart de Roussillon, a poem of ten thousand verses, which relates the struggles of Charles Martel with his powerful vassal the Burgundian Gerard of Roussillon.

After growing up in Stamford, Connecticut, she attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts for her senior year, and was a member of the school's first co-educational class that included jazz composer Bill Cunliffe, software executive Peter Currie, artist Julian Hatton, poet Karl Kirchwey, writer Nate Lee, editor Sara Nelson restaurateur Priscilla Martel and sculptor Gar Waterman.

The NDP won their first ever majority government in the 1990 provincial election, and Shelley Martel was subsequently named as a prominent cabinet minister.

Charles Martel was the first to bestow outright extensive existing ecclesiastical property upon laymen, political friends and soldiers.

Among Roy Dupuis ' " tour-de-force " film performances are: Yves, in Being at Home with Claude ( 1991 ; Cannes, Un Certain Regard 1992 )-- his first major screen role — directed by Jean Beaudin, adapted from a screenplay by Johanne Boisvert based on the 1986 stage play by René-Daniel Dubois ; and Kevin Barlow, in Manners of Dying ( 2004 ), the first feature film directed by Jeremy Peter Allen, adapted from his own screenplay based on the short story first published in the 1993 collection The Facts Behind the Helsinki Roccamatios and Other Stories by Yann Martel.

Martel was first introduced to professional wrestling as a child, when her mother took her and her sister to shows in Mississippi.

At WrestleMania IV, Ax and Smash defeated Strike Force ( Rick Martel and Tito Santana ) to win their first WWF Tag Team Championship, thus starting their domination as champions.

In the first of these Charles Martel and his faithful vassal Hervis de Metz fight by an extraordinary anachronism against the Vandals, who have destroyed Reims and besieged other cities.

They began a feud with tag champions Tony Garea and Rick Martel, whom they defeated on October 17, 1981 edition of Championship Wrestling to win their first Tag Team Championship, though it was Fuji's fourth individual reign.

In a later shoot interview with RF video, Martel claimed that he and Don Callis were set to return to the WWF as ' The Supermodels ' in 1997, and Callis was to eventually turn on Martel, making him a babyface for the first time since 1989.

The riding had been represented by Martel's father, Elie Martel, from its creation in 1967 until his retirement in 1987.

Like her father, Martel represented the left-wing of the NDP and often had a fractious relationship with Rae.

Walter Iooss is represented by Stockland Martel.

" Mean " Gene Okerlund, " Sensational " Sherri Martel, Tony Atlas, Verne Gagne, William " The Refrigerator " Perry and The Blackjacks ( Blackjack Mulligan and Blackjack Lanza ) attended the class while Eddie Guerrero was represented by his wife Vickie Guerrero who was supported by Eddie's nephew Chavo Guerrero.

So it was that the armies of the Frankish ruler and warlord Charles Martel, which defeated the Umayyad Arab invasion at the Battle of Tours in 732, were still largely infantry armies, the elites riding to battle but dismounting to fight, providing a hard core for the levy of the infantry warbands.

Nickel Belt's previous MPP Blain Morin, who had won the riding just eight months earlier in a by-election following the retirement of Floyd Laughren, declined to challenge Martel for the party's nomination.

France Gélinas also successfully retained the riding of Nickel Belt, following the retirement of Shelley Martel.

Shelley Martel, Elie Martel's daughter and Fawcett's granddaughter, won election to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario upon Elie Martel's retirement, and continued to represent the riding of Nickel Belt until her own retirement from politics in 2007.

Martel ended the conversation by claiming that her government was considering legal action against Sudbury doctor Jean-Pierre Donahue, on the grounds that his billing practices were excessive and illegal.

However, in 1999, the provincial ridings of Nickel Belt and Sudbury East were merged for the 1999 provincial election, and Morin declined to run for the NDP nomination rather than competing against Sudbury East's popular incumbent Shelley Martel.

Shelley Martel, the incumbent MPP for Sudbury East prior to the 1999 election, continued to represent the region for another eight years as the MPP for Nickel Belt.

Martel stood down as a Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) in 1987, and was succeeded in Sudbury East by his daughter Shelley Martel after a bitter battle for the riding's NDP nomination between her and Rev.

Shelley Martel continued to represent that constituency provincially until her retirement in 2007, ending the family's forty year run of representing the greater Sudbury area.

Fawcett's daughter is married to Elie Martel, who was the Member of Provincial Parliament for Sudbury East from 1967 to 1987.

His pontificate, like that of his predecessor, was disturbed by the iconoclastic controversy in the Byzantine Empire, and by the ongoing advance of the Lombards, in which he vainly invoked the intervention of Charles Martel.

Later Christian chroniclers and pre-20th century historians praised Charles Martel as the champion of Christianity, characterizing the battle as the decisive turning point in the struggle against Islam, a struggle which preserved Christianity as the religion of Europe ; according to modern military historian Victor Davis Hanson, " most of the 18th and 19th century historians, like Gibbon, saw Poitiers ( Tours ), as a landmark battle that marked the high tide of the Muslim advance into Europe.

Modern historians, using estimates of what the land was able to support, and what Martel could have raised from his realm and supported during the campaign, believe the total Muslim force, counting the outlying raiding parties, which rejoined the main body before Tours, badly outnumbered the Franks.

Paul the Deacon reported correctly in his Historia Langobardorum ( written around the year 785 ) that the Liber pontificalis mentioned these casualty figures in relation to Odo's victory at Toulouse ( though he claimed that Charles Martel fought in the battle alongside Odo ), but later writers, probably " influenced by the Continuations of Fredegar, attributed the Saracen casualties solely to Charles Martel, and the battle in which they fell became unequivocally that of Poitiers.

Odo, who despite the heavy losses was reorganizing his troops, gave the Frankish leader notice of the impending danger knocking on the heartland of his realm, and appealed to the Franks for assistance, which Charles Martel only granted after Odo agreed to submit to Frankish authority.

Again Charles Martel came to the rescue, reconquering most of the lost territories in two campaigns in 736 and 739, except for the city of Narbonne, which finally fell in 759.

Another great mid era historian, Thomas Arnold, ranked the victory of Charles Martel even higher than the victory of Arminius in its impact on all of modern history: " Charles Martel's victory at Tours was among those signal deliverances which have affected for centuries the happiness of mankind.

Two major military battles occurred near the city: in 732, the Battle of Poitiers ( also known as the Battle of Tours ), in which the Franks commanded by Charles Martel halted the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate, and in 1356, the Battle of Poitiers, a key victory for English forces during the Hundred Years ' War.

A heartbroken McGinty tells Falco that he has been cut in favor of Martel, but Falco accepts the news, saying that it's best for the team since Martel is better than him, to which McGinty says that Falco has heart and Martel doesn't.

In what today is France, Charles Martel distributed seized lands to his retainers on condition that they serve him by fighting in the new manner, which some attribute to his recognizing the military potentialities of the stirrup.

The government backtracked on several campaign promises, most notably the introduction of public auto insurance, which caused disagreements among the party and supporters, especially left-wingers such as cabinet ministers Howard Hampton and Shelley Martel.

During Hungarian civil war of 1292 he has received province of Slavonia from titular Hungarian king Charles Martel of Anjou which has not controlled Slavonia.

During the election campaign, Progressive Conservative leader John Tory stated that if elected, he would name Martel to conduct a review of current government medical and social services for children with autism, an issue which Martel had frequently championed in the legislature.

Church historian Matthias Schuler, commenting on Boniface's failure to have church property returned to the church, proposes that the time was not yet ripe for Carloman to re-appropriate those properties, which had often been handed ( by way of church offices ) to various noblemen by his father, Charles Martel, to appease them and strengthen their loyalty.

He acted as a collaborator for L ’ Ami des citoyens for a brief period before starting his own paper L ' Orateur du Peuple, under the pseudonym Martel, which consisted of 8 pages and was distributed every other day, with Marcel Enfantin serving as editor.

In the 8th century the Umayyad walis conquered the area, which was finally retaken by Charles Martel in 737, but the contests, which took decades, all but depopulated the region.