Philosophically, dialectical materialism — that Man originates History through active consciousness — was originated by Moses Hess, and developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Moreover, Joseph Dietzgen developed the hypotheses of dialectical materialism independent of Marx, Engels, and Hess.

As a philosopher, Dietzgen had constructed the theory of dialectical materialism independently of Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Marx himself had talked about the " materialist conception of history ", which was later referred to as " historical materialism " by Engels.

According to the famous Theses on Feuerbach ( 1845 ), philosophy had to stop " interpreting " the world in endless metaphysical debates, in order to start " changing " the world, as was being done by the rising workers ' movement observed by Engels in England ( Chartist movement ) and by Marx in France and Germany.

* 1848 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.

Marx and Engels wrote about other examples of guerrilla warfare during the American Civil War, by Tyroleans and Prussians against Napoleon, by Poland and the Caucasus against Imperial Russia, Pegu ( Burma ) against the British Empire.

Marx and Engels interchanged numerous letters on war and military science and Engels wrote about several military topics.

However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements: the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes, the lower classes started to be influenced by socialist, communist and anarchistic ideas ( especially those summarised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto ), and the preference of the new capitalists became Liberalism.

But what is true is that insofar as Marx and Engels regarded historical processes as law-governed processes, the possible future directions of historical development were to a great extent limited and conditioned by what happened before.

In 1880, about three years before Marx died, Friedrich Engels indicated that he accepted the usage of the term " historical materialism ".

( critical account which focusses on incoherencies in the thought of Marx, Engels and Lenin )

* Franz Mehring, On Historical Materialism ( classic statement by a contemporary and friend of Marx & Engels )

( Classical Marxist account of the philosophy of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Lukacs and Trotsky )

" Accordingly, some observers, including Karl Marx and Frederick Engels predicted that there soon would be a Russo-Turkish War.

However, Marx and Engels predicted that any such Russo-Turkish War would necessarily become a European War.

It was in Paris that, on 28 August 1844, Marx met German socialist Friedrich Engels at the Café de la Régence after becoming interested in the ideas that the latter had expressed in articles written for the Rheinische Zeitung and the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.

Engels showed Marx his recently published book, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, which convinced Marx that the working class would be the agent and instrument of the final revolution in history.

Engels and Marx soon set about writing a criticism of the philosophical ideas of Marx's former friend, the Young Hegelian Bruno Bauer, which would be published in 1845 as The Holy Family.

In 1845 Marx and Engels visited the leaders of the Chartists, a socialist movement in Britain, using the trip as an opportunity to study in various libraries in London and Manchester.

First published on 21 February 1848, it laid out the beliefs of the Communist League, a group who had come increasingly under the influence of Marx and Engels, who argued that the League must make their aims and intentions clear to the general public rather than hiding them as they had formerly been doing.

Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, Marx remained one of its primary writers, accompanied by other fellow members of the Communist League who wrote for the paper, although despite their input it remained, according to Friedrich Engels, " a simple dictatorship by Marx ", who dominated the choice of content.

In one example, references to Marx drastically decreased in Polish sociology after the fall of the revolutionary socialist governments, and two major research institutions which advocated the Marxist approach to sociology were closed.

Socialists including Karl Marx, Robert Owen, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and John Stuart Mill advocated various forms of labour vouchers or labour-credits, which like money would be used to acquire articles of consumption, but unlike money, they are unable to become capital and would not be used to allocate resources within the production process.

He advocated a form of scientific socialism based on the Qur ' an and Marx, with heavy influences of Somali nationalism.

Since Marxism emphasises the contingency of political developments on material historical circumstances ( as against ' idealism '), it is worthwhile to have some idea of how Marx saw the context in which he advocated ' permanent revolution '.

It associates this traditionally Eastern view with the concept of dialectic advocated by Socrates, Hegel, and Marx.

Although both advocated workers ' rights, Henry George and Karl Marx were antagonists.

Because the prosecution could not show that any of the defendants had openly called for violence or been involved in accumulating weapons for a proposed revolution, it relied on the testimony of former members of the party that the defendants had privately advocated the overthrow of the government and on quotations from the work of Karl Marx, Lenin and other revolutionary figures of the past.

The use of the word communism in a religious context predates the use of the term to describe more secular forms of communism, such as that advocated by François Babeuf in the 18th century, and Karl Marx in the 19th century.

As Dennis and his co-accused had never openly called for the violent overthrow of the United States government, the prosecution depended on passages from the works of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin and on the testimony of former members of the party who claimed that Dennis and others had privately advocated the use of violence.

Hess originally advocated Jewish integration into the universalist socialist movement, and was a friend and collaborator of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Influenced by the philosophy of Marx he advocated revolution as a means of change.

* Karl Marx, who developed and advocated the notion of modern Communism.

An internationalist outlook of permanent revolution is found in the works of Karl Marx.

The term " permanent revolution " is taken from a remark of Marx from his March 1850 Address: " it is our task ", Marx said,

Part of his theory is the impossibility of ' socialism in one country ' – a view also held by Marx, but not integrated into his conception of permanent revolution.

This tells us that, for Marx, ' permanent revolution ' involves a revolutionary class ( in this case, the bourgeoisie ) continuing to push for, and achieve, its interests despite the political dominance of actors with opposing interests.

In the remainder of the text, Marx outlines his proposal that the proletariat ' make the revolution permanent '.

In an article two years earlier, Marx had referred to ' a programme of permanent revolution, of progressive taxes and death duties, and of organisation of labour '.

If Marx is understood to be consistent about his emphasis on historical circumstance, it is unclear how the relevance of his theory of permanent revolution should be evaluated in times in which the social revolution is not expected to be imminent.

It will be noted that at no stage does Marx make the central claim with which Trotsky's conception ( see below ) of ' permanent revolution ' is concerned-i. e., that it is possible for a country to pass directly from the dominance of the semi-feudal aristocrats, who held political power in Russia in the early part of the 19th century, to the dominance of the working class, without an interceding period of dominance by the bourgeois.

An Electric Marx Mobile, from 1959, in the permanent collection of The Children ’ s Museum of Indianapolis.

Insofar as the trajectory of capitalist development is, as Marx argues, ruled by the quest for extra surplus-value, the economic fate of the system can be summarised as an interaction between the tendency of the profit rate to decline, and the factors that counteract it: in other words, the permanent battle to reduce costs, increase sales and increase profits.

" As opposed to the Bolsheviks ' neo-Blanquist interpretation of permanent revolution, Marx argued that the role of the working class revolutionary party was not to create a one-party state, nor to give away land — even in semi-feudal countries like Germany in 1850, or Russia in 1917, where the working class was in the minority.

According to Marx, monopolies and competition always co-exist ; monopolies in the production of goods and services are rarely permanent, and as soon as competition is blocked at one level, it reappears at another level.

It was at this time that Parvus revived, from Karl Marx, the concept-strategy of " permanent revolution ".