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Philosophically, dialectical materialism — that Man originates History through active consciousness — was originated by Moses Hess, and developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
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dialectical and materialism
The style moved through literary modernism in the early 1960s to radicalism and dialectical materialism by 1970.
Moreover, Joseph Dietzgen developed the hypotheses of dialectical materialism independent of Marx, Engels, and Hess.
The term dialectical materialism was coined in 1887, by Joseph Dietzgen, a socialist tanner who corresponded with Karl Marx, during and after the failed 1848 German Revolution.
As a philosopher, Dietzgen had constructed the theory of dialectical materialism independently of Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Engels further exposed the " materialist dialectic " — not " dialectical materialism " — in his Dialectics of Nature in 1883.
Georgi Plekhanov, the father of Russian Marxism, later introduced the term dialectical materialism to Marxist literature.
Joseph Stalin further delineated and defined dialectical and historical materialism as the world outlook of Marxism-Leninism, and as a method to study society and its history.
The exact term was not used by Marx in any of his works, and the actual presence of " dialectical materialism " within his thought remains the subject of significant controversy, particularly regarding the relationship between dialectics, ontology and nature.
By contrast, Marx's dialectical materialism considers history as a product of material class struggle in society.
Dialectics as represented in dialectical materialism is a theory of the general and abstract factors that govern the development of nature, society, and thought.
In Materialism and Empiriocriticism ( 1908 ), Lenin explained dialectical materialism as three axes: ( i ) the materialist inversion of Hegelian dialectics, ( ii ) the historicity of ethical principles ordered to class struggle, and ( iii ) the convergence of " laws of evolution " in physics ( Helmholtz ), biology ( Darwin ), and in political economy ( Marx ).
The philosophic solution that Lenin ( and Engels ) proposed was " dialectical materialism ", wherein matter is defined as " objective reality ", theoretically consistent with ( new ) developments occurred in the sciences.
Georg Lukács, minister of Culture in the brief Béla Kun government of the Hungarian Soviet Republic ( 1919 ), published History and Class Consciousness ( 1923 ), which defined dialectical materialism as the knowledge of society as a whole, knowledge which, in itself, was immediately the class consciousness of the proletariat.
It is the scientific conviction that dialectical materialism is the road to truth, and that its methods can be developed, expanded, and deepened, only along the lines laid down by its founders.
As did Louis Althusser, who later defined Marxism and psychoanalysis as " conflictual sciences "; that political factions and revisionism are inherent to Marxist theory and political praxis, because dialectical materialism is the philosophic product of class struggle:
Moreover, " the premise of dialectical materialism is, we recall: ' It is not men's consciousness that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence that determines their consciousness '.
Some evolutionary biologists, such as Richard Lewontin and the late Stephen Jay Gould have employed dialectical materialism in their approach, playing a precautionary heuristic role in their work.
Stephen Jay Gould shared similar views regarding a heuristic role for dialectical materialism.
Lewontin, Gould and Eldredge were thus more interested in dialectical materialism as a heuristic, than a dogmatic form of ' truth ' or a statement of their politics.
* Rosa Lichtenstein's criticism of dialectical materialism,
In the early years of the 20th century, historical materialism was often treated by socialist writers as interchangeable with dialectical materialism, a formulation never used by Friedrich Engels however.
According to many Marxists influenced by Soviet Marxism, historical materialism is a specifically sociological method, while dialectical materialism refers to a more general, abstract, philosophy.
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