Although the modern term " creative destruction " is not used explicitly by Marx, it is largely derived from his analyses, particularly in the work of Werner Sombart ( whom Engels described as the only German professor who understood Marx's Capital ), and of Joseph Schumpeter, who discussed at length the origin of the idea in Marx's work ( see below ).

Originally, as Marx explicitly notes, commercial trade emerged at the boundaries of economic communities based on a non-capitalist mode of production, and it is only when commerce begins to dominate and regulate the bulk of production itself, that it becomes clearer that the ultimate source, or substance, of all surplus-value is really surplus-labour.

Nevertheless, it seems undeniable that all the major classical economics and Marx explicitly rejected the labor theory of price ().

In the preface to the 1882 Russian Edition of The Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels explicitly raised the issues Trotsky would later develop:

Marx himself explicitly rejected Sweezy's and Uno's interpretation ( see the quotation from 1859 cited previously, in which use-value is distinguished from the general concept of utility ).

In a draft included in the Grundrisse manuscripts, which inspired the starting point of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy and Das Kapital, Marx explicitly states that:

Teaching related to the social economy draws explicitly from the works of Robert Owen, Proudhon and Karl Marx with works by Bourdieu and Putnam informing the debate over social capital and its relationship to the competitive advantage of mutuals.

They regarded this to be the explicitly stated and true interpretation of Marx ( See own admission in Friedrich Engels, Socialism — Utopian and Scientific, pg 54 ).

Surplus product ( German: Mehrprodukt ) is an economic concept explicitly theorised by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy.

While Marx used the concept of the law of value in his works Grundrisse, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Theories of Surplus Value and Das Kapital, he did not explicitly formalise its full meaning in a mathematical sense, and therefore how it should be exactly defined remains to some extent a controversial topic in Marxian economics.

This more complex debate cannot be dealt with in this article ; it may be noted only that newly industrializing countries to a large extent imitated technical methods used in industrialized countries, and that Marx can hardly be held responsible for all the things done in his name-he had explicitly referred to problems of environmental despoilation quite a number of times, including in Das Kapital.

Marx and Engels explicitly denied that in reality total product-value would be equal to the total of production prices ( see prices of production ).

Marx stated explicitly that price relationships can be such, that they do not reflect the true value relationship at all.

However, Marx himself explicitly denied in chapter 49 of the third volume of Das Kapital that such an exact mathematical identity actually applies ; subsequently, Frederick Engels also denied it explicitly, in a letter to Conrad Schmidt dated March 12, 1895.

As mentioned, Marx never explicitly summarised his definition of capitalism, beyond some suggestive comments in manuscripts which he did not publish himself.

Marx accordingly made, explicitly or implicitly 10 distinctions relevant to defining productive labour in a capitalist mode of production:

Philosophically, dialectical materialism — that Man originates History through active consciousness — was originated by Moses Hess, and developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Moreover, Joseph Dietzgen developed the hypotheses of dialectical materialism independent of Marx, Engels, and Hess.

Leonard, the oldest, developed the Italian accent he used as Chico Marx to convince some roving bullies that he was Italian, not Jewish.

Marx developed a routine as a wise-cracking hustler with a distinctive chicken-walking lope, an exaggerated greasepaint mustache and eyebrows, and an ever-present cigar, improvising insults to stuffy dowagers ( often played by Margaret Dumont ) and anyone else who stood in his way.

The theory shows what Marx called a " coherence " in human history, because each generation inherits the productive forces developed previously and in turn further develops them before passing them on to the next generation.

Following the death of his wife Jenny in December 1881, Marx developed a catarrh that kept him in ill health for the last 15 months of his life.

As with the dialectic, Marx began with a Hegelian notion of alienation but developed a more materialist conception.

The latter has also come true ; as in the developed world, through liberal reforms, trade unions won many concessions, improving the situation of the workers ( something that Marx considered very unlikely ); in the more populated parts of the world such as Africa, India, and China the populations continue to grow and all the industry is moving there if it has not already established itself in the last two decades.

Lenin was an advocate of the socio-political theory of Marxism, first developed by the German sociologists Karl Marx ( 1818 – 1883 ) and Friedrich Engels ( 1820 – 1895 ) in the mid-19th century, and Li's articles helped bring an understanding of Marxism to the Chinese revolutionary movement, even though he failed to fully understand it himself.

Beginning to read and discuss the work of Marx with Li and other like-minded radicals at a Marxist Study Group, he eventually " developed rapidly toward Marxism " under Li's tutelage during the winter of 1918 – 19, looking for ways to combine it with ancient Chinese philosophies that would be applicable to modern China.

Karl Marx and his theory of Communism developed along with Friedrich Engels proved to be one of the most influential political ideologies of the 20th century through Leninism. The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought.

Durkheim, Marx, and Weber had very complex and developed theories about the nature and effects of religion.

However, as the socialist movement developed it moved away from utopianism ; Marx in particular became a harsh critic of earlier socialism he described as utopian.

He thus constructed concepts such as the sacred and totemism exactly in the same way that Karl Marx developed the concept of class.

Hyppolite devoted his energies to uniting the existentialist theories then in vogue among French philosophers with the dialectical theories of Hegel and Karl Marx ( 1818 – 1883 ); these ideas influenced the young Foucault, who would adopt Hyppolite's conviction that philosophy must be developed through a study of history.

Nonetheless, Marx and Marxists developed the concept of class struggle to comprehend the dialectical contradictions between mental and manual labor, and between town and country.

In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy ( 1942 ), Joseph Schumpeter developed the concept out of a careful reading of Marx ’ s thought ( to which the whole of Part I of the book is devoted ), arguing ( in Part II ) that the creative-destructive forces unleashed by capitalism would eventually lead to its demise as a system ( see below ).

By the 1830s Demopolis had developed into a regional commercial river hub, attracting American and European-born craftsmen and merchants including the Beysiegle, Breitling, Breton, Dupertuis, Foster, Hummell, Kirker, Knapp, Marx, Michael, Mulligan, Oberling, Rhodes, Rudisill, Rosenbaum, Schmidt, Shahan, Stallings, and Zaiser families.

Other models of interest to feminist economists include the labor theory of value, which was most thoroughly developed in Das Capital by Karl Marx.

Marx believed that western society developed through four main epochs-primitive communism, ancient society, feudal society and capitalist society.

However more ambitious movements also developed from this insight into human culture, initially Romanticism and Historicism, and eventually both the Communism of Karl Marx, and the modern forms of nationalism inspired by the French Revolution, including, in one extreme, the German Nazi movement.

During his convalescence he read Marx and adopted communist ideology, mainly due to the influence of the father of a nurse with whom he had developed a relationship.

Although Marx did not himself invent the term, he developed the concept.

But neither Ricardo nor Marx, the most rigorous investigators of the theory of value during the Classical period, developed this theory fully.

The thinking of Marx and Freud provided a point of departure for questioning the notion of a unitary, autonomous Subject, which for many thinkers in the Continental tradition is seen as the foundation of the liberal theory of the social contract.

( Joe Adamson, in Groucho, Harpo, Chico, and Sometimes Zeppo, observed that this scene disproved the common notion that Zeppo was the least of the Marx Brothers: " It takes a Marx Brother to pull something like that on a Marx Brother and get away with it.

Marx also borrowed Engels characterisation of Hegel's notion of the World Spirit that history occurred twice, " once as a tragedy and secondly as a farce " in the first paragraph of his new book.

In the mid-19th century, the concept of " dialectic " was appropriated by Karl Marx ( see, for example, Das Kapital, published in 1867 ) and Friedrich Engels and retooled in a non-idealist manner, becoming a crucial notion in their philosophy of dialectical materialism.

What distinguished Marx from Feuerbach was his view of Feuerbach's humanism as excessively abstract, and so no less ahistorical and idealist than what it purported to replace, namely the reified notion of God found in institutional Christianity that legitimized the repressive power of the Prussian state.

Marx also expanded greatly on the notion that laborers could come to harm as capitalism became more productive.

Marx uses Hegel's notion of categories, which are forms, for economics: The commodity form, the money form, the capital form etc.

Entirely self-educated, he developed the notion of dialectical materialism independently from Marx and Engels as an independent philosopher of socialist theory.

Cabet's notion of a communal society influenced other socialist writers and philosophers, notably Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Although progress is often associated with the Western notion of monotonic change in a straight, linear fashion, alternative conceptions exist, such as the cyclic theory of eternal return, or the " spiral-shaped " dialectic progress of Hegel, Marx, et al.

To characterize this history, Horkheimer and Adorno draw on a wide variety of material, including the philosophical anthropology contained in Marx ’ s early writings, centered on the notion of “ labor ,” Nietzsche ’ s genealogy of morals ( and the emergence of conscience through the renunciation of the will to power ), Freud ’ s account in Totem and Taboo of the emergence of civilization and law in murder of the primordial father, ethnological research on magic and ritual in primitive societies, as well myth criticism, philology and literary analysis.

Her argument is influenced by the Marxist notion of the class struggle, but she differs from Marx as she sees the state as an autonomous actor within society.

* Karl Marx, who developed and advocated the notion of modern Communism.

And although many scholars consider late Marx less of a humanist than the Marx who wrote pre-Das Kapital, as his later works are rather bereft of references to this alienation, others ( for example David McLellan, Robert C. Tucker, George Brenkert ) argue that the notion of alienation remains a part of Marx's philosophy.