Like many critical applications, critical psychology has expanded beyond Marxist and feminist roots to benefit from other critical approaches.

Within each of the subfields, various philosophical approaches can be used in research ; therefore, an urban geographer could be a Feminist or Marxist geographer, etc.

To libertarian socialists, dogmatic approaches to social organization are doomed to failure ; and thus they reject Marxist notions of linear and inevitable historical progression.

The third theoretical explanation of gentrification is political-economic and is divided into two approaches: traditional and Marxist.

critical international relations theory frequently references neo-colonialism from Marxist positions as well as postpositivist positions, including postmodernist, postcolonial and feminist approaches, which differ from both realism and liberalism in their epistemological and ontological premises.

Frame's writing became the focus of academic criticism from the late 1970s, with approaches ranging from Marxist and social realist, to feminist and poststructuralist.

Marxist approaches have also inspired Critical Theorists such as Robert W. Cox who argues that " Theory is always for someone and for some purpose ".

" Neo-Marxist " or " New Marxist " approaches have return to the writings of Karl Marx for their inspiration.

Marxist approaches have enjoyed a renaissance since the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe.

Since the 1970s, two broad reactions against neoclassical approaches have significantly changed the discipline: Marxist political economy, growing out of the work of David Harvey ; and the new economic geography which takes into account social, cultural, and institutional factors in the spatial economy.

Marxist approaches have been and remain influential ways of understanding the role of political economy and class differences as key forces in many historical and current social movements, and they continue to challenge approaches that are limited by their inability to imagine serious alternatives to consumer capitalist social structures.

Its modern approaches come from art history, annales, Marxist school, microhistory and new cultural history.

Griffin's approach, though still highly contested in some quarters, has had an enduring impact on the comparative fascist literature of the last 15 years, and builds on the work of George Mosse, Stanley Payne, and Emilio Gentile in highlighting the revolutionary and totalizing politico-cultural nature of the fascist revolution ( in marked contrast with Marxist approaches ).

The Mutiny Memorial in Delhi is a monument to British officers. Adas ( 1971 ) examines the historiography with emphasis on the four major approaches: the Indian nationalist view ; the Marxist analysis ; the view of the Mutiny as a traditionalist rebellion ; and intensive studies of local uprisings.

Paulo Freire contributed a philosophy of education that came not only from the more classical approaches stemming from Plato, but also from modern Marxist and anti-colonialist thinkers.

By the 1930s, older historical analyses were challenged by a range of neo-positivist, Marxist and econometric approaches, supported by a widening body of documentary, archaeological and scientific evidence.

The focus on conflict and social reproduction was carried over into Marxist approaches that came to dominate French political anthropology from the 1960s.

Neo-Marxism is a loose term for various twentieth-century approaches that amend or extend Marxism and Marxist theory, usually by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions, such as: critical theory, psychoanalysis or Existentialism ( in the case of Sartre ).

Because of the strength of the Communist Party of China and the importance of the Marxist interpretation of history in legitimizing its rule, it was for many years difficult for historians within the PRC to actively argue in favor of non-Marxist and anti-Marxist interpretations of history.

Proponents of socialist market economic systems argue from a Marxist perspective, stating that a planned socialist economy can only be brought about by first establishing a comprehensive commodity market economy and letting it fully develop until it exhausts its historical stage and gradually transforms itself into a planned economy.

Influenced by the Marxist view of history, Childe used the work to argue that the usual distinction between ( pre-literate ) prehistory and ( literate ) history was a false dichotomy and that human society has progressed through a series of technological, economic and social revolutions.

Linked in with Marxist theories is dependency theory and the Core-Periphery Model, which argue that developed countries, in their pursuit of power, appropriate developing states through international banking, security and trade agreements and unions on a formal level, and do so through the interaction of political & financial advisors, missionaries, relief aid workers, and multinational corporations on the informal level, in order to integrate them into the capitalist system, strategically appropriating under-valued natural resources and labor hours and fostering economic & political dependence.

The distinction between positive and negative liberty is considered specious by socialist and Marxist political philosophers, who argue that positive and negative liberty are indistinguishable in practice, or that one cannot exist without the other.

Marxist criminologists argue that most political crime arises from the efforts of the state to reproduce the structures of inequality: racism, sexism, ethnic preference as well as class advantages.

Although some argue that Earth has peacefully achieved world communism as imagined in Marxist philosophy, in his writings at the time, Gene Roddenberry said he intentionally avoided talking about the political, social and economic structures of Earth, simply implying that it was far more advanced than the modern day.

Its Marxist and socialist critics argue that:

Maoists and Hoxhaists argue that flaws in the system under Lenin and Joseph Stalin were due to a lack of the party's faith in the masses and that this resulted in the party disconnecting itself to the needs of the people, which was then exploited by Marxist revisionists who turned the Soviet Union away from Marxism-Leninism after Lenin's death.

: I will argue that the whole of Althusser's theory is made up of the following elements: 1. common sense banalities expressed with the help of unnecessarily complicated neologisms ; 2. traditional Marxist concepts that are vague and ambiguous in Marx himself ( or in Engels ) and which remain, after Althusser's explanation, exactly as vague and ambiguous as they were before ; 3. some striking historical inexactitudes.

Marxist critics point out that Marshall's analysis is superficial as it does not discuss the right of the citizen to control economic production, which they argue is necessary for sustained shared prosperity.

Marxist theory allows for the possibility that Labour content can serve as a common means of valuing capital goods, a position now out of favour with economists following the success of the theory of marginal utility.

Rosa LuxemburgLeft communism ' is the range of communist viewpoints held by the communist left, which criticizes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks at certain periods, from a position that is asserted to be more authentically Marxist and proletarian than the views of Leninism held by the Communist International after its first and during its second congress.

His position in society, without status ( Heathcliff serves as both his given name and surname ), is often the subject of Marxist criticism.

Rooted firmly in the Marxist tradition, the Situationist International criticized Trotskyists, Marxism-Leninism, Stalinism and Maoism from a position they believed to be further left and more properly Marxist.

Lenin nevertheless continued to emphasise however ( as did Trotsky also ) the classical Marxist position that the peasantry formed a basis for the development of capitalism, not socialism.

This had a dramatic effect on Zairian foreign policy for the next decade ; bereft of his claim to African leadership ( Mobutu was one of the few leaders who denied the Marxist government of Angola recognition ), Mobutu turned increasingly to the U. S. and its allies, adopting pro-American stances on such issues as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and Israel's position in international organizations.

Similarly, he became a member of the board for The Modern Quarterly ( later The Marxist Quarterly ) during the early 1950s, working alongside his old friend Rajani Palme Dutt, who held the position of chairman of the board.

As in the Marxist theory, the problem is structural rather than organizational: given its special position in society ( controlling an important asset ), a lobby group can shift the distribution of income in its direction, impoverishing the rest, even though their role serves no reasonable purpose.

Whilst there may be periods of acquiescence, the Marxist view would be that institutions of joint regulation would enhance rather than limit management's position as they presume the continuation of capitalism rather than challenge it.

It was during this period that Plekhanov began to write and publish the first of his important political works, including the pamphlet Socialism and Political Struggle ( 1883 ) and the full-length book Our Differences ( 1885 ) These works first expressed the Marxist position for a Russian audience and delineated the points of departure of the Marxists from the Populist movement.

Established as a cadre for a future workers council state in Poland its establishment was politically fruitless but for its abandonment of the traditional Marxist position on the land question as understood by the Polish Marxists in favour of Vladimir Lenin ’ s more tactical position.

Within the last decade, with the publication of the New Draft Program of the RCP USA, they have repudiated that position, criticizing it as incorrect, unscientific and not " thoroughly Marxist ".

Agostinho Neto held the position when his then Marxist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) won control of the country from the Portuguese.

The Marxist position blends into anarchism at one end of the spectrum, mostly due to the wide variety of Marxist and Anarchist movements.

This remained the established position of the entire anti-capitalist left up until the early 1900s and still holds considerable sway in both anarchist and Marxist circles.

Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the communist left, which criticizes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks at certain periods, from a position that is asserted to be more authentically Marxist and proletarian than the views of Leninism held by the Communist International after its first and during its second congress.

This position lost AIM some support from certain US Marxist organizations in the U. S. who opposed Contra activities and supported the Sandinista movement.

The Iranian section of the IMT also split away over the international's position on Venezuela's friendly relations with the Iranian regime and in 2011 launched Marxist Revival with co-thinkers in Britain.

World Company's position, as expressed by M. Sylvestre, is to make as much money as possible without regard for the welfare or happiness of the people, or ecological preservation, and reflects a Marxist understanding of corporations.

The labels nationalist and Marxist have negative connotations, with many of the perspectives grouped under the Marxist label have very little to do with the classical Marxist position.