The Nazi propaganda depicted Weimar as " a morass of corruption, degeneracy, national humiliation, ruthless persecution of the honest ' national opposition ' —- fourteen years of rule by Jews, Marxists and ' cultural Bolsheviks ', who had at last been swept away by the National Socialist movement under Adolf Hitler and the victory of the ' national revolution ' of 1933.

These critics range from those who reject markets entirely, in favour of a planned economy, such as that advocated by various Marxists, to those who wish to see market failures regulated to various degrees or supplemented by government interventions.

Those who describe themselves as autonomists now vary from Marxists to post-structuralists and anarchists.

This view has been criticised by some Marxists ( especially Trotskyists ) who characterized this approach as ' substitutionism '- or what they saw as the misguided and apparently non-Marxist belief that other groups in society could ' substitute ' for the revolutionary agency of the working class.

Bukharin developed an interest in the works of Austrian Marxists and non-Marxist economic theorists, such as Aleksandr Bogdanov, who deviated from Leninist positions.

Marxists explain the history of " civilized " societies in terms of a war of classes between those who control production and those who produce the goods or services in society.

In a period immediately after the Russian Revolution, the mode in which democracy was organised ( elections within workplace ' soviets ') automatically disenfranchised capitalists ( who weren't a part of the workforce ); however, Marxists such as Lenin argued that other forms of a ' dictatorship of the proletariat ' in more developed countries would include capitalists among the electorate.

They were not received warmly by Stalin, who doubted if they really were Marxists and not simply a group of Chinese nationalists.

There were some similarities between Ernő and Auric: both were Jewish immigrants who came to Britain from Eastern Europe in the 1930s and both were Marxists, although they were physically very different.

The Smith administration fought against African Marxists during the Bush War as part of its campaign to maintain its policy of a gradual transition of power, and negotiated an Internal Settlement with black moderates in 1979 – this agreement led to majority rule, the renaming of the country to Zimbabwe Rhodesia and a coalition government led by the country's first black prime minister, the United African National Council leader Abel Muzorewa, who included Smith in the cabinet as a minister without portfolio.

The school initially consisted of dissident Marxists who believed that some of Marx's followers had come to parrot a narrow selection of Marx's ideas, usually in defense of orthodox Communist parties.

It was in a weakened and disorganized state, having recently suffered a bitter internal struggle between between Marxists, who supported trade union organization as preliminary to workers ' revolution and anarchists, led by Mikhail Bakunin, who advocated the immediate revolutionary overthrow of organized government.

For the Marxists who had come to dominate the Socialist Labor Party by the 1890s, this idea was exactly backwards.

A later usage developed in the early 20th century among Marxists, who saw " imperialism " as the economic and political dominance of " monopolistic finance capital " in the most advanced countries and its acquisition — and enforcement through the state — of control of the means ( and hence the returns ) of production in less developed regions.

Alongside and sometimes connected to the councilists were the early Hegelian Marxists, György Lukács ( a council communist himself from 1918 – 21 or 22 ) and Karl Korsch ( who turned to council communism in the 1930s ).

" Taaffe argues that the: " right-wing Labour leadership who usually hurl insults against the Marxists on the alleged undemocratic character of ' democratic centralism ' themselves actually practice an extreme form of ' bureaucratic centralism ', as the experience of the witch-hunt against Militant and others on the left in the Labour Party demonstrated.

To different interpreters, this early Japanese shaman queen can appear as evidence of: communalism ( Marxists ), Jōmon priestess rulers ( Feminist history ), Japanese conquest of Korea ( Akima 1993 ), mongolian conquest of Japan ( Namio Egami's " horserider theory "), the imperial system originating with tandem rule by a female shaman and male monarch ( Mori 1979 ), the " patriarchal revolution " replacing female deities and priestesses with male counterparts ( Ellwood 1990 ), or a shamanic advisor to the federation of Wa chieftains who " must have looked like a ruling queen to Chinese envoys " ( Matsumoto 1983 ).

Also thought responsible was the underestimation of Khomeini's Islamist movement by both the Shah's regime – who considered them a minor threat compared to the Marxists and Islamic socialists – and by the secularist opponents of the regime – who thought the Khomeinists could be sidelined.

In the preface to the 1882 Russian edition to the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels had saluted the Russian Marxists who, they said, " formed the vanguard of revolutionary action in Europe ".

At the time, the early 1940s, CCNY was known as a hotbed of radicalism, and Glazer fell in with a number of other young Marxists who were hostile to Soviet-style communism.

Many notable leftists have been strong supporters of gender equality, such as: the Marxists Rosa Luxemburg, Clara Zetkin and Alexandra Kollontai, the anarchist Emma Goldman, and the socialists Helen Keller and Annie Besant.

State capitalism has been used by various socialists, including Anarchists, Marxists and Leninists.

Traditionally, socialists and Marxists both used the term " socialization of industry " to refer to the reorganization of institutions so that the workers are all owners ( cooperatives ) and to refer to the implementation of workplace democracy.

Palme Dutt had defended the Soviet Union's decision to quash the revolution using military force, but Childe, like many western socialists and Marxists at the time, strongly disagreed that this was an appropriate measure to take.

The term began to be used by socialists in Europe towards the end of the 1930s and in the 1940s, when many economists believed capitalism was doomed and it was used in the 1960s particularly in Germany and Austria, among others by Western Marxists writing in the tradition of the Frankfurt School and Austromarxism.

The Social Democracy of America proved to be a short lived and disparate group of Marxists, trade unionists ( especially veterans of the ARU, Owenite socialists, populists, and unaffiliated radicals.

Although he had voted for war credits in August 1914, from July 1915 he opposed World War I and in 1917 he was among the founders of the USPD, which united anti-war socialists ( including reformists like Bernstein, " centrists " like Kautsky and revolutionary Marxists like Karl Liebknecht ).

Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin opposed the Marxist aim of dictatorship of the proletariat in favour of universal rebellion, and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists. In 1864 the International Workingmen's Association ( sometimes called the " First International ") united diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of Proudhon, Blanquists, Philadelphes, English trade unionists, socialists and social democrats.

Marxists and socialists who advocate socialism argue that welfare states and ( modern ) social democratic policies limit the incentive system of the market by providing things such as minimum wages, unemployment insurance, taxing profits and reducing the reserve army of labor, resulting in capitalists have little incentive to invest ; in essence, social welfare policies cripple the capitalist system and its incentive system, the only solution being a socialist economic system.

Other socialists and Marxists criticize welfare state programs as concessions made by the capitalist class in order to divert the working and middle classes away from pursuing a completely new socialist organization of the economy and society.

Reformist socialists and Marxists, exemplified by Eduard Bernstein, take the view that a socialist state will evolve out of political reforms won by the struggle of the socialists.

During World War II, the Marxists and the socialists in the university were arrested ( about 50 to 80 members ) soon after the liberal president died.

However, the term was appropriated by Marxists to describe self-described socialists who were seen by Marxists as on the side of the ruling class ; all non-Marxists considering themselves socialists (" revisionists "), whether they identified with the label or not.

Yellow socialists and yellow unionists were criticized by Marxists for their nationalism and perceived occasional engagement in chauvinism such as opposition to immigration ( for flooding the labour market and reducing wages or denying jobs to native-born citizens ), and sometimes even racism including anti-Semitism.

These politically homeless individuals were a diverse group: progressive Christians, leftwing socialists, orthodox Marxists, anti-Stalinist Trotskyists, left communists, liberal pacifists and some anarchists.

In doing so, he repudiated Marxists within the Winnipeg Labour Party, alienating the city's more radical and revolutionary socialists.

Malthusian ideas have attracted criticism from a diverse range of differing schools of thought, including Marxists and socialists to libertarians and free market enthusiasts, American conservatives, feminists and human rights advocates.

Marxists Internet Archive ( also known as MIA or Marxists. org ) is a volunteer based non-profit organization that maintains a multi-lingual Internet archive of Marxist writers and other similar authors ( socialists, anarchists, etc .).

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica called the series of wars the Great Rebellion, while some historians, especially Marxists such as Christopher Hill ( 1912 – 2003 ), have long favoured the term English Revolution.

The Marxists have focused on studies of economic development, landownership, and class conflict in precolonial India and of deindustrialization during the colonial period.

Nevertheless, Marxists have frequently debated amongst themselves over how to interpret Marx's writings and apply his concepts to the modern world.

Anarchist movements have come into conflict with both capitalist and Marxist forces, sometimes at the same time, as in the Spanish Civil War, though as in that war Marxists themselves are often divided in support or opposition to anarchism.

Other political persecutions under bureaucratic parties have resulted in a strong historical antagonism between anarchists and libertarian Marxists on the one hand and Leninist Marxists and their derivatives such as Maoists on the other.

Some Marxists have formulated views that closely resemble syndicalism, and thus express more affinity with anarchist ideas.

Other radical feminists have criticized Marxists ; during the 1960s in the U. S., many women became feminists because they perceived women as being excluded from, and discriminated against by, leftist political groups.

Not all Marxists accepted the necessity of socialist realism ( Marx's, Engels ' and Trotsky's views on art and culture were very liberal and may have balked at the propagandism of Socialist realism themselves ).

Marxists, in contrast, would say that markets have inefficient and democratically-unwanted outcomes – viewing market failure as an inherent feature of any capitalist economy – and typically omit it from discussion, preferring to ration finite goods not exclusively through a price mechanism, but based upon need as determined by society expressed through the community.

A turning point in SAVAK's reputation for ruthless brutality was reportedly an attack on a gendarmerie post in the Caspian village of Siahkal by a small band of armed Marxists in February 1971, although it is also reported to have tortured to death a Shia cleric, Ayatollah Muhammad Reza Sa ' idi, in 1970.

Some Marxists have also opposed the usage of the term " communist state ".

The right wing's policies and methods, particularly those of Neil Kinnock, " have led to a severe decline in the level of activity within the party ... Marxists are tolerated within the party only where they do not pose a threat at the moment.

Be that as it may, Marxists have universally assumed that only conscious and concerted effort by the working class itself can lead to cause the revolutionary transformation of economy and society.

... the Communist regimes of the Soviet bloc have become the expression and the guardians of a new rigidified hierarchical structure which has nothing in common with the kind of socialist society Marxists have always regarded as the goal of modern working class movements.

Further criticisms have been leveled at functionalism by proponents of other social theories, particularly conflict theorists, Marxists, feminists and postmodernists.

Since the turn in France, Marxists have used the tactic even if they had different preconceptions of how long the period of entry would last.

Many Marxists, especially Hegelian Marxists and also those committed to political programs ( such as many Communist Parties ), have been strongly humanist.

Commenting on that he added that " anarchism or freedom is the aim, while the state and dictatorship is the means, and so, Marxists in order to free the masses, they have first to be enslaved.

However, Marxists disagree on whether a revolutionary party ought to participate in bourgeois elections, what role it should have after a revolution, and how it should be organized.