* Matrix Riccati equation # Mathematical description of the problem and solution

The description of Baker's Game in the " Mathematical Games " column inspired Paul Alfille to create FreeCell and he coding it for the PLATO educational computer system, which ended up becoming more popular than Baker's Game.

* 1986 Rudolf E. Kálmán for his two fundamental papers: A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems, Journal of Basic Engineering, volume 82, ( 1960 ), pp. 35-45 ; and Mathematical description of linear dynamical systems, SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, volume 1 ( 1963 ), pp. 152-192 ; and for his contribution to a third paper, ( with R. S. Bucy ) New results in linear filtering and prediction theory, Journal of Basic Engineering, volume 83D ( 1961 ), pp. 95-108.

The Mathematical Research Institute of Oberwolfach has a large model of a Boy's surface outside the entrance, constructed and donated by Mercedes-Benz in January 1991.

Curry also wrote and taught mathematical logic more generally ; his teaching in this area culminated in his 1963 Foundations of Mathematical Logic.

The topic area of every article is classified by the Mathematics Subject Classification ( MSC ) of the American Mathematical Society ( AMS ).

The Egyptian Rhind papyrus of 1800BC gives the area of a circle as ( 64 / 81 ) < sup > 2 </ sup >, where is the diameter of the circle, and pi approximated to 256 / 81, a number that appears in the older Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, and used for volume approximations ( i. e. hekat ( volume unit )).

In 1982 he won the prestigious Fulkerson Prize from the Mathematical Programming Society and the American Mathematical Society for outstanding papers in the area of discrete mathematics.

The Fulkerson Prize for outstanding papers in the area of discrete mathematics is sponsored jointly by the Mathematical Programming Society ( MPS ) and the American Mathematical Society ( AMS ).

Mathematical chemistry is the area of research engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry ; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena.

The didactic and scientific activities are concentrated around three main “ areas ”: the city area, with the Faculties of Economics, Sociology, Law, Arts and Humanities ; the hill area with the Faculties of Mathematical, Physical and Life sciences and the Faculty of Engineering, the Rovereto area with the Faculty of Cognitive Sciences.

The Junior Balkan Mathematical Olympiad ( JBMO ) is an annual contest for students under the age of 15. 5 from one of the member countries ( Balkan area ).

The Mathematical Appendix presents the rigorous argument, but is best read after Part 1, in order that the assumptions underlying the equations may be explicit.

Mathematical analysis is the study of infinite processes.

Leyton is the president of the International Society for Mathematical and Computational Aesthetics and the

In addition to these, Chalmers is home to six national competence centres in key fields like Mathematical Modelling, Environmental Science and Vehicle Safety ( SAFER ).

While the institute is best known for its Millennium Prize Problems, it carries out a wide range of activities, including a postdoctoral program ( ten Clay Research Fellows are supported each year ) and an annual summer school, the proceedings of which are published jointly with the American Mathematical Society.

The original form of the theorem, contained in a third-century AD book The Mathematical Classic of Sun Zi ( 孫子算經 ) by Chinese mathematician Sun Tzu and later generalized with a complete solution called Da yan shu ( 大衍术 ) in a 1247 book by Qin Jiushao, the Shushu Jiuzhang ( 數書九章 Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections ) is a statement about simultaneous congruences ( see modular arithmetic ).

Mathematical and logical propositions ( e. g. " that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides ") are examples of the first, while propositions involving some contingent observation of the world ( e. g. " the sun rises in the East ") are examples of the second.

The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest ( in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, " The Great Treatise ", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, " Mathematical Treatise ").

In a right triangle with legs a and b and altitude h from the hypotenuse to the right angle, h < sup > 2 </ sup > is half the harmonic mean of a < sup > 2 </ sup > and b < sup > 2 </ sup >.< ref > Voles, Roger, " Integer solutions of ," Mathematical Gazette 83, July 1999, 269 – 271 .</ ref >

Information theory is generally considered to have been founded in 1948 by Claude Shannon in his seminal work, " A Mathematical Theory of Communication ".

The International Mathematical Union ( IMU ) is an international non-governmental organisation devoted to international cooperation in the field of mathematics across the world.

The International Mathematical Union is administered by an Executive Committee ( EC ) which conducts the business of the Union.

* 1735 – Mathematical calculations suggest that it is on this day that dwarf planet Pluto moved inside the orbit of Neptune for the last time before 1979.

In 1928, Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann published Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik ( Principles of Mathematical Logic ), an introduction to first-order logic in which the problem of completeness was posed: Are the axioms of a formal system sufficient to derive every statement that is true in all models of the system?

Mathematical induction is a method of mathematical proof typically used to establish that a given statement is true for all natural numbers ( positive integers ).

Mathematical induction in this extended sense is closely related to recursion.

Mathematical induction should not be misconstrued as a form of inductive reasoning, which is considered non-rigorous in mathematics ( see Problem of induction for more information ).

Mathematical logic ( also known as symbolic logic ) is a subfield of mathematics with close connections to the foundations of mathematics, theoretical computer science and philosophical logic.

Mathematical logic is often divided into the fields of set theory, model theory, recursion theory, and proof theory.

* A Problem Course in Mathematical Logic, by Stefan Bilaniuk, is another free textbook.

The first complete mathematical formulation of this approach is generally credited to John von Neumann's 1932 book Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, although Hermann Weyl had already referred to Hilbert spaces ( which he called unitary spaces ) in his 1927 classic paper and book.

The Rolf Nevanlinna Prize is awarded once every 4 years at the International Congress of Mathematicians, for outstanding contributions in Mathematical Aspects of Information Sciences including:

Phutball ( short for Philosopher's Football ) is a two-player strategy board game described in Elwyn Berlekamp, John Horton Conway, and Richard Guy's Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays.

; Model: Mathematical relationship which relates changes in a given response to changes in one or more factors.

Mathematical operations are certain procedures that take one or more numbers as input and produce a number as output.

Mathematical functions have one or more arguments that are designated in the definition by variables, while their definition can also contain parameters.

He than solved the high order equation by Southern Song dynasty mathematician Qin Jiushao's " Ling long kai fang " method published in Shùshū Jiǔzhāng (“ Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections ”) in 1247 ( more than 570 years before English mathematician William Horner's method using synthetic division ).

In their paper honoring the 100th anniversary of his birth, Ciesielski and Rassias give more insight, and note that, in March 2009, the Mathematical Reviews database contained an " amazing " 697 papers with the name " Ulam " in their titles.

What is more, he was chief editor in " Fundamenta Mathematicae ", a series of publications in " Polish Mathematical Society Annals ".

In an addendum to the Scientific American column, Gardner mentions work of the herpetologist Laurence M. Klauber on two dimensional arrays of prime numbers for finding prime-rich quadratic polynomials which was presented at a meeting of the Mathematical Association of America in 1932 – more than thirty years prior to Ulam's discovery.

His Mathematical Magic ( 1648 ) was divided into two sections, one on traditional mechanical devices such as the lever, and the other, more speculative, on machines.

One thing which is not too obvious in this coordinate dependent formulation is that different generalized coordinates are really nothing more than different coordinate patches on the same symplectic manifold ( see Mathematical formalism, below ).

" The theory of utility above referred to, namely, that the degree of utility of a commodity is some continuous mathematical function of the quantity of the commodity available, together with the implied doctrine that economics is essentially a mathematical science, took more definite form in a paper on " A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy ", written for the British Association in 1862.

What is even more mysterious is that Green had used " the Mathematical Analysis ", a form of calculus derived from Leibniz that was virtually unheard of, or even actively discouraged, in England at the time ( due to Leibniz being a contemporary of Newton who had his own methods that were thus championed in England ).

Mathematical applications required geometry of four or more dimensions ; the close scrutiny of the foundations of the traditional Euclidean geometry had revealed the independence of the parallel postulate from the others, and non-Euclidean geometry had been born.

For more examples, see: Category: Mathematical terminology.

The Mathematical Sciences Research Institute ( MSRI ), founded in 1982, is an independent nonprofit mathematical research institution whose funding sources include the National Science Foundation, foundations, corporations, and more than 90 universities and institutions.

However, its prominence in Olympiad mathematics has been more limited, with few outstanding results on the Canadian Open Mathematics Challenge that have warranted invitation to the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad.

In 1825 he founded a somewhat more successful publication targeting a wider readership, The Mathematical Diary, which was published through 1832.

The American Mathematical Society reported that more than 4, 500 participants attended the 2006 conference in Madrid, Spain.

Students who do exceptionally well on the USAMO ( typically around 30 students ) are invited to go to the Mathematical Olympiad Summer Program ( MOSP or more commonly, MOP ), and six students are selected from the top twelve scorers on the USAMO ( through yet another exam, the Team Selection Test ( TST )) to form the United States Math Team.

He and David Hilbert authored the influential textbook Methods of Mathematical Physics, which is still widely used more than eighty years after it was written.

The category of tools includes physical tools such as hammers, as well as tools for more abstract processes such as e. g.: Category: Mathematical tools.

In Ancient Egyptian most fractions were written as the sum of two or more unit fractions ( a fraction with 1 as the numerator ), with scribes possessing tables of answers ( see Rhind Mathematical Papyrus 2 / n table ).