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Mathematically, spacetime is represented by a 4-dimensional differentiable manifold M and the metric is given as a covariant, second-rank, symmetric tensor on M, conventionally denoted by g. Moreover the metric is required to be nondegenerate with signature (< tt >-+++</ tt >).
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Mathematically and spacetime
Mathematically, the theory is modelled after Bernhard Riemann's metric geometry, but the Lorentz group of spacetime symmetries ( an essential ingredient of Einstein's own theory of special relativity ) replaces the group of rotational symmetries of space.
Mathematically, each physical law can be expressed with respect to the coordinates given by an inertial frame of reference by a mathematical equation ( for instance, a differential equation ) which relates the various coordinates of the various objects in the spacetime.
Mathematically, spacetime symmetries are usually described by smooth vector fields on a smooth manifold.
Mathematically and is
Mathematically, the motion of a continuum using the Eulerian description is expressed by the mapping function
Mathematically, the conjecture states that the maximal Cauchy development of generic compact or asymptotically flat initial data is locally inextendible as a regular Lorentzian manifold.
Mathematically this is described as the convolution of a time-varying input signal x ( t ) with the filter's impulse response h, defined as:
Mathematically, incompressibility is expressed by saying that the density ρ of a fluid parcel does not change as it moves in the flow field, i. e.,
Mathematically, this is because in reversible processes, the change in entropy of the cold reservoir is the negative of that of the hot reservoir ( i. e., ), keeping the overall change of entropy zero.
Mathematically, this says that the state vector is confined to one of the two eigenspaces of P, and is not allowed to range over the entire Hilbert space.
Mathematically, a sequence of coin flips ( fair or not ) is an example of a Bernoulli process, and its entropy is given by the binary entropy function.
Mathematically, this is expressed by saying that the curl of the flow field is everywhere equal to zero.
Mathematically, a neuron's network function is defined as a composition of other functions, which can further be defined as a composition of other functions.
Mathematically, the total electromagnetic energy density ( radiation energy density ) in thermodynamic equilibrium from Planck's law is
Mathematically, the light received from stars as a function of star distance in a hypothetical fractal cosmos is:
Mathematically, the formula above entails that all incomes are at least the lower bound x < sub > m </ sub >, which is positive.
Mathematically, QCD is a non-Abelian gauge theory based on a local ( gauge ) symmetry group called SU ( 3 ).
Mathematically and represented
Mathematically, the LM curve is defined by the equation, where the supply of money is represented as the real amount M / P ( as opposed to the nominal amount M ), with P representing the price level, and L being the real demand for money, which is some function of the interest rate i and the level Y of real income.
Mathematically, the ( real valued ) amplitude of one wave component is represented by a scalar wave function u that depends on both space and time:
Let this property be represented by just one scalar variable, q, and let the volume density of this property ( the amount of q per unit volume V ) be ρ, and the all surfaces be denoted by S. Mathematically, ρ is a ratio of two infinitesimal quantities:
Mathematically, the permissibility of time travel is represented by the existence of closed timelike curves.
Mathematically, a multiple criteria design problem can be represented in the decision space as follows:
Mathematically, this is represented as a ' hopping integral ' or ' transfer integral ' between neighboring atoms, which can be viewed as the physical principle that creates electron bands in crystalline materials, due to overlapping between atomic orbitals.
Mathematically, quantum amplification can be represented with an unitary operator, which entangles the state of the optical field with internal degrees of freedom of the amplifier.
Mathematically and by
Mathematically, a baseband modulated signal may be approximated by a sinusoidal continuous wave signal with a frequency f < sub > m </ sub >.
Mathematically, the potential of the ion cores can be treated by various models, the simplest being the nearly free electron model.
Mathematically this invariance can be ensured in one of two ways: by treating the four-vectors as Euclidean vectors and multiplying time by the square root of ; or by keeping time a real quantity and embedding the vectors in a Minkowski space.
Mathematically it is a manifold consisting of " events " which are described by some type of coordinate system.
Mathematically, if the coordinate system undergoes a transformation described by an invertible matrix M, so that a coordinate vector x is transformed to x ′
Mathematically, the most basic wave is the ( spatially ) one-dimensional sine wave ( or harmonic wave or sinusoid ) with an amplitude described by the equation:
Mathematically, division by zero within reals is explicitly undefined if the problem is zero divided by zero, and is defined as either positive or negative infinity depending on the signs of the numbers involved, or is undefined.
Mathematically, convection can be described by the convection – diffusion equation or the generic scalar transport equation.
Mathematically, corrosion rates of glasses are characterized by normalized corrosion rates of elements NR < sub > i </ sub > ( g / cm < sup > 2 </ sup >· d ) which are determined as the ratio of total amount of released species into the water M < sub > i </ sub > ( g ) to the water-contacting surface area S ( cm < sup > 2 </ sup >), time of contact t ( days ) and weight fraction content of the element in the glass f < sub > i </ sub >:
Mathematically, assuming the terminator lies on a great circle, such a crescent will actually be the figure bounded by a half-ellipse and a half-circle, with the major axis of the ellipse coinciding with a diameter of the semicircle.
Mathematically, the climatological annual cycle is commonly estimated from observational data or model output by taking the average of all Januaries, all Februaries, and so forth.
0.194 seconds.