Back scabbards were never used in European, Near East, or Indian military cultures, and depictions of such are a modern invention and have enjoyed great popularity in fiction and fantasy, to the point that they are widely believed to be a Medieval invention.

Lemon flavored custards, puddings and pies have been enjoyed since Medieval times, but meringue was perfected in the 17th century.

The language continued growing in the Medieval period, and enjoyed royal patronage.

The game is very similar to the Total War series: it consists of a 2-D strategic campaign resembling Medieval: Total War and Shogun: Total War and fully 3-D land and naval battles in the manner of Empire: Total War, which was released in 2009.

In its original form during the Medieval period of European warfare, an order of battle was the order in which troops were positioned relative to the position of the army commander.

Medieval punishments were cruel and, in many respects, that remained the position in the 18th century: hanging, drawing and quartering, beheading, boiling and lesser punishments designed only to humiliate such as the pillory and placing an offender in the stocks.

For Medieval and Renaissance thinkers, humans occupied a unique position on the Chain of Being, straddling the world of spiritual beings and the world of physical creation.

In 1870, Adams was appointed Professor of Medieval History at Harvard, a position he held until his early retirement in 1877 at 39.

In 1979, he was elected to the Chair of English Language and Medieval English Literature at the University of Leeds, a former position of Tolkien.

When this ascriptive status rule is used ( Medieval Europe ), people are placed in a position based on personal traits beyond their control.

Wars with Tartars and Mongols were a major aspect of Medieval Russian history, but the Russians gained the upper hand long before the 19th Century, and no Tartar Khan at the time of writing was in a position to act as Feofar is described as doing ; depicting late 19th Century Tartars as able to face Russians on anything resembling equal terms is a manifest anachronism.

From his account we shall be able to form some idea of the position which Bijapur occupied among the wonder cities of India in the Medieval Ages.

Medieval Islamic pottery occupied a geographical position between Chinese ceramics and the pottery of the Byzantine Empire and Europe.

Indeed, it is even surprising in the Canon of Christ Church and Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, who fathered this most peculiar view, and in the brilliant Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English at Cambridge, who inherited it and is now its most eminent proponent.

* Medieval Sourcebook: Speech by Urban II at Council of Clermont, 1095 ( Five versions of the Speech )

From the Medieval Arabic king lists of both African states, allegedly copied from earlier lists in ancient Near Eastern languages it appears that the state founders claimed to be deportees of the Assyrian empire who had fled from Syria and Samaria after the defeat of the Egyptian-Assyrian army at Carchemish in 605 BCE.

File: Medieval horse armour. jpg | Medieval horse armour on display at Museum of Islamic Art, Doha in Qatar.

As noted above, Bologna already had Consuls at some parts of its Medieval history.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

The polyphonic organization of different melodies to sound at the same time was still a relatively new invention then, and it is understandable that the mathematical or physical relationships in frequency that give rise to the musical intervals as we hear them, should be foremost among the preoccupations of Medieval musicians.

Not all Medieval writers are so at odds with the Virgilian standard, and with the rediscovery of classical literature later Medieval and Renaissance writers are far more orthodox, but by then the form had become an academic exercise.

The Ship as Symbol in Prehistoric and Medieval Scandinavia: Papers from an International Research Seminar at the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, 5 – 7 May 1994.

Having defeated the Huns at Chalons and at the Nedao, migrating Germanic tribes invaded the Western Roman Empire and transformed it into Medieval Europe.

Hillforts spread over most of southern Finland at the end of the Iron and early Medieval Age.

( 2003 ) A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film.

The Medieval Knight at War.

* Thompson, M. W. ( 1965 ) " Two levels of the mere at Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire ," in The Society of Medieval Archaeology Journal, 9 ( 1965 ).

Medieval genealogies are unreliable sources, but many historians still accept Kenneth's descent from the established Cenél nGabráin, or at the very least from some unknown minor sept of the Dál Riata.

In 1919 he became Lecturer in Medieval history at Strasbourg University, after the German professors were all expelled ; he was called to the Sorbonne in Paris in 1936 as professor of economic history.

* Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top.

Medieval political philosophers, such as Aquinas in Summa Theologica, developed the idea that a king who is a tyrant is no king at all and could be overthrown.

Medieval codices are constructed in " gathers " which are folded ( compare " folio ", " leaf, page " ablative case of Latin folium ), then stacked together like a newspaper and sewn together at the fold.

On the whole, Early Medieval scribes were indiscriminate in supplying themselves with material from any old volumes that happened to be at hand.

* " Early Medieval Ploughing at Whithorn and the Chronology of Plough Pebbles ", Hill, P. and Kucharski, K. in Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, Vol.

The House of Lords originally met in the Queen's Chamber, a modest Medieval hall at the south end of the complex.

Knowledge of the North American Medieval Warm Period has been useful in dating occupancy periods of certain Native American habitation sites, especially in arid parts of the western U. S. Review of more recent archaeological research shows that as the search for signs of unusual cultural changes during the MWP has broadened, some of these early patterns ( for example, violence and health problems ) have been found to be more complicated and regionally varied than previously thought while others ( for example, settlement disruption, deterioration of long distance trade, and population movements ) have been further corroborated.

* Medieval Sourcebook: e-text of James's grant of trade privileges to Barcelona, 1232, freeing the city from tolls and imposts with his realms

The trade union movement in Britain gradually developed from the Medieval guild system.

Medieval Piotrków was a trading place on trade routes from Pomerania to Russia and Hungary, and later from Masovia to Silesia.

Ostensibly an inventor by trade, Martin also builds several advanced devices, such as a time machine that transports Tim and the Martian back to Medieval England and other times and places, such as St. Louis in 1849, the early days of Hollywood, or bring Leonardo da Vinci and Jesse James into the present.

The central hall of a Medieval Merchant's House | restored 13th-century house, originally built with the profits from European trade

These include that it is a complaint against Medieval English taxes on wool and that it is about the slave trade.

The external lewis, kerb lifter or slab lifter is a type of lifting device used in the stonemasonry trade since Medieval times.

During Roman, Byzantine and Medieval period, Bajina Bašta was an important trade center and the cross-border with Bosnia.

Medieval trade fairs, such as the one in Hamburg, contributed to the growth of banking in a curious way: moneychangers issued documents redeemable at other fairs, in exchange for hard currency.