Apart from some of the clergy who had studied at the universities and cathedral schools in Paris or in Cologne, there were few scholars in the land ; even amongst the higher clergy there were many who were ignorant of the scientific study of Latin, and the ordinary burgher of the Dutch cities was quite content if, when his children left school, they were able to read and write the Medieval Low German and Diets.

The education given at Latin schools gave great emphasis to the complicated grammar of the Latin language, initially in its Medieval Latin form.

As Europeans experienced the intellectual, political, economic and social innovations of the Renaissance so did their attitudes towards Medieval Latin schools.

The Sir Robert Taylor Society is an organisation which seeks to bring together modern language teachers in schools and university lecturers from the Faculty of Medieval and Modern Languages, University of Oxford.

During the communist years, a new " town center " was developed between the existing Medieval centers of Moson and Magyaróvár, and there was significant development, including the opening of a university, new schools, and other public projects.

After the public dissemination of the Zohar in Medieval times, various attempts were made to give a complete intellectual system of theology to its different schools and interpretations.

Fagging was a fully established system at St Pauls, Eton and Winchester in the 16th century, and may well date back to the Medieval discipline of the monasteries which founded most of the great public schools.

Their elite schools had an influence on wider Jewish thought, with Kabbalah and Hakirah ( Medieval Rationalistic Jewish philosophy ) emerging as the two competing traditions of Jewish theology.

Medieval aesthetics in the realm of philosophy built upon Classical thought, continuing the practice of Plotinus by employing theological terminology in its explications.

It is through Boethius that much of the thought of the Classical period was made available to the Western Medieval world.

To Medieval thinking, all things were connected with each other — a mode of thought that finds its traces today in the occult sciences or esoteric thought — ranging from astrology to believing certain minerals have certain beneficiary effects.

Loïc Wacquant wrote that habitus is an old philosophical notion, originating in the thought of Aristotle, whose notion of hexis (" state ") was translated into habitus by the Medieval Scholastics.

The Medieval Warm Period ( MWP ) is generally thought to have occurred from about AD 950 – 1250, during the European Middle Ages.

Knowledge of the North American Medieval Warm Period has been useful in dating occupancy periods of certain Native American habitation sites, especially in arid parts of the western U. S. Review of more recent archaeological research shows that as the search for signs of unusual cultural changes during the MWP has broadened, some of these early patterns ( for example, violence and health problems ) have been found to be more complicated and regionally varied than previously thought while others ( for example, settlement disruption, deterioration of long distance trade, and population movements ) have been further corroborated.

His series often challenge popular views of history: for example, Terry Jones ' Medieval Lives ( 2004 ) ( for which he received a 2004 Emmy nomination for " Outstanding Writing for Nonfiction Programming ") argues that the Middle Ages was a more sophisticated period than is popularly thought, and Terry Jones ' Barbarians ( 2006 ) presents the cultural achievements of peoples conquered by the Roman Empire in a more positive light than Roman historians typically have, while criticizing the Romans as the true " barbarians " who exploited and destroyed higher civilizations.

It is thought that the magnificent hammer-beam roofs of England were devised as a direct response to the lack of long straight seasoned timber by the end of the Medieval period, when forests had been decimated not only for the construction of vast roofs but also for ship building.

Medieval Irish scholars thought the name contained the element muire " sea ", owing to their reputation as sea pirates.

Traditional Biblical, Rabbinic and Kabbalistic thought has offered theological explanations for previous tragedies, from the reaction of the Prophets to Nebuchadnezzar's destruction of Jerusalem and exile of the nation, to the Medieval Pogroms of Christendom.

Medieval monks raised the plants and when coffee was introduced to Europe, the Dutch thought that chicory made a lively addition to the bean drink.

Medieval re-discovery of Greek thought among Gaonim of 10th century Babylonian academies brought rationalist philosophy into Biblical-Talmudic Judaism.

However, this interpretation is still the most commonly held in academic, archaeological and popular debate, although pollen studies and other evidence have greatly modified the traditional view of the dominance of livestock as opposed to arable farming in early medieval Ireland, making it clear that cereal production was much more important than once thought in the Early Medieval period.

The Medieval world thought of grammar as a foundation from which all forms of scholarship should originate.

Although internalist histories of modern science tend to emphasize the norms of modern science, internalist histories can also consider the different systems of thought underlying the development of Babylonian astronomy or Medieval impetus theory

The ancient Britons are thought to have inhabited the area, and the Romans to have traversed it ; the remains of a Roman or Early Medieval bloomery was discovered in 1836.

Harnessing the work of the earlier New Historicism, this emergent field of historiography began to challenge the hegemony of Medieval historians over the history which they narrate, and opens the door for new modes of thinking by the proposition that " we cannot interpret medieval culture, or any historical culture, except through the prism of the dominat concepts of our own thought worlds.

Although Deir, which is Arabic for " monastery ", thought to be kept throughout Medieval and Modern Age renaming, Zor, which indicates the riverbank bush, appeared only in some late Ottoman records.

In the North American situation, the two main exponents today of Vollenhoven's consequent problem-historical method ( CPHM ) are Dr John Kok of Dordt College, who wrote his dissertation on Vollenhoven's early development ; and Dr Robert Sweetman ( ICS, Toronto ), who holds the H. Evan Runner Chair in the History of Philosophy, who is a Medieval philosophy specialist, and who brings an incipient theory of discourse to a gap in the archtectonics of this school of historical-philosophical thought.

The tall cross in the churchyard is used as a war memorial and it is thought to be a former Medieval market buttercross.

In Medieval Europe, lipstick was banned by the church and was thought to be used as an ' incarnation of Satan ', cosmetics being ' reserved ' for prostitutes.

* ' Currents of religious thought and expression ' in Cambridge Medieval History ( ed.

Documents again began to be written in Sumerian, although Sumerian was becoming a purely literary or liturgical language, much as Latin later would be in Medieval Europe.

" (" The Medieval Dead " would later be used as the film's subtitle for its UK release as Army of Darkness: The Medieval Dead ).

This usage dates back to the Medieval period, where the phrase ' not worth a fart ' would be applied to an item held to be worthless.

Although any Medieval knight going to war would automatically serve as a man-at-arms, not all men-at-arms were knights.

The subjects that would become the standard " Liberal Arts " in Roman and Medieval times already comprised the basic curriculum in the enkuklios paideia or " education in a circle " of late Classical and Hellenistic Greece.

According to an argument outlined by Maria Rosa Menocal in The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History, in 11th-century Spain, a group of wandering poets appeared who would go from court to court, and sometimes travel to Christian courts in southern France, a situation closely mirroring what would happen in southern France about a century later.

Although a similar observation was made by Aristotle and was known to Greek and Medieval logicians ( in the 14th century, William of Ockham wrote down the words that would result by reading the laws out ), De Morgan is given credit for stating the laws formally and incorporating them in to the language of logic.

In 1997 the two signed a deal in which Gaiman would give his share of characters Angela, Medieval Spawn and Cogliostro to McFarlane in exchange of McFarlane's share of British superhero Marvelman ( in reality, what McFarlane actually owned were two trademarks for Miracleman logos, not the character, which would become clear only after the lawsuit concluded ).

The connection between the " Epistle of the Brethren of Purity " and Ismailism suggests the adoption of this work as one of the main sources of what would become known as " Jewish Ismailism " as found in Late Medieval Yemenite Judaism.

Some German combat manuals have sections dedicated to flamboyant techniques to be employed in such Klopffechten (" knockabout fighting "), which would be impractical in serious combat, and the Late Medieval German masters distinguish mock fights ( fechten zu schimpf ) and real combat ( fechten zu ernst ).

The practice would have dated back to the Early Medieval Period or even older.

The idea comprised the lands in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Belarus and included the creation of a Duchy of Courland and a Duchy of Estonia and Livonia that would be in personal union with the Crown of Prussia under the German Empire's occupied territory Ober Ost before the end of World War I covering the territories of the Medieval Livonia what are now Latvia and Estonia.

There is not an homme illustre or a dame galante in all his gallery of portraits who hasn't engaged in what Medieval Christian prescriptions as well as the Victorian society would regard as sexual immorality ; and yet the whole is narrated with the most complete unconsciousness that there is anything objectionable in their conduct.

The same argument would imply that periods of increased solar radiation contributed to the Medieval Warm Period, when Greenland's icy coastal areas thawed enough to permit farming and colonisation.

Medieval Wednesbury was very small, and its inhabitants would appear to have been farmers and farm workers.

The myth behind this cake tells that a Pastry chef, visiting Medieval England, witnessed their tradition of piling sweet rolls between the bride and groom which they would attempt to kiss over without knocking them all down.

Some linguists say it comes from Medieval Latin blundus, meaning " yellow ", from Old Frankish blund which would relate it to Old English blonden-feax meaning " grey-haired ", from blondan / blandan meaning " to mix " ( Cf.

While it would seem probable that some ringforts may have seen continuation in the Later Medieval period as adapted or imitation mottes it seems doubtful if the continuation that ringforts were still being built on a more general scale throughout the country, and the evidence put forward for such a theory would appear quite slim.

Medieval fortification engineers would put their ear to the ground to obtain acoustic measurements of possible digging to undermine their walls.

The officials were authorised to do justice to those that came to their fair ; eventually even the smallest fair would have had a court to adjudicate on offences and disputes arising within the fairground, which was called a pye powder court ( from Old French pieds pouldrés, literally " dusty feet ", meaning an itinerant trader, from Medieval Latin pedes pulverosi ).