Documents again began to be written in Sumerian, although Sumerian was becoming a purely literary or liturgical language, much as Latin later would be in Medieval Europe.

* Friedrich Heer Medieval World Europe 1100-1350

For instance, plate armour first appeared in Medieval Europe when water-powered trip hammers made the formation of plates faster and cheaper.

Medieval astrolabes of England and Western Europe depicted Altair and Vega as birds.

‘ Dating the Baptism of Clovis .’ In Early Medieval Europe, volume 7, pages 29 – 57.

The weaponized threat comes mainly in the form of pneumonic plague ( infection by inhalation ) It was the disease that caused the Black Death in Medieval Europe.

In Europe, the Medieval Warm Period ended some time towards the end of the 13th century, bringing the " Little Ice Age " and harsher winters with reduced harvests.

Roman Law in Medieval Europe.

* Alexander O ' Hara, " The Vita Columbani in Merovingian Gaul ," Early Medieval Europe, 17, 2 ( 2009 ), 126 – 153.

Thomas Aquinas ( c. 1225 – 1274 ), a theologian in Medieval Europe, adapted the argument he found in his reading of Aristotle and Avicenna to form one of the most influential versions of the cosmological argument.

" The linking of David to earthly kingship was reflected in later Medieval cathedral windows all over Europe through the device of the Tree of Jesse, its branches demonstrating how divine kingship descended from Jesse, through his son David, to Jesus.

* Brown, Elizabeth, ' The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe ', American Historical Review, 79 ( 1974 ), pp. 1063 – 8.

* Steven Epstein, Wage Labor & Guilds In Medieval Europe ( 1991 ) ISBN 0-8078-4498-5

Having defeated the Huns at Chalons and at the Nedao, migrating Germanic tribes invaded the Western Roman Empire and transformed it into Medieval Europe.

The Goths (; ; ; ; ) were an East Germanic tribe whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.

By ancient tradition, Basques, and indeed other peoples in Medieval Europe, held assemblies under a tree, usually an oak, to discuss matters affecting the community.

* Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City " The Function of Armor in Medieval and Renaissance Europe.

The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe ( 2001 )

( 2006 ) A Social and Economic History of Medieval Europe.

The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325-1520.

Medieval theologians, in western Europe, described the underworld (" hell ", " hades ", " infernum ") as divided into four distinct parts: Hell of the Damned ( which some call Gehenna ), Purgatory, Limbo of the Fathers or Patriarchs, and Limbo of the Infants.

With the continual discovery of " new " Medieval and Renaissance fighting manuals, the practice of Historical European Martial Arts and other Western Martial Arts are growing in popularity across the United States and Europe.

Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages ( 3rd Edition ).

Bloch's article, " The Advent and Triumph of the Watermill in Medieval Europe ," incorporates these approaches by investigating the connections between technology and broader social issues.

The Medieval Inquisition was in response to large popular movements throughout Europe considered apostate or heretical to Christianity, in particular Catharism and Waldensians in southern France and northern Italy.

Alexander III ( Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Alaxandair ; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Alasdair ) ( 4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286 ) was King of Scots from 1249 to his death.

This was used after Sam Raimi was unable to use his original title " The Medieval Dead.

The Archbishopric of Riga (, ) was an archbishopric in Medieval Livonia, a subject to the Holy See.

In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through a building housing a collection of Medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton.

The late Medieval period saw the recitation of certain hours of the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin, which was based on the Breviary in form and content, becoming popular among those who could read, and Bishop Challoner did much to popularise the hours of Sunday Vespers and Compline ( albeit in English translation ) in his ' Garden of the Soul ' in the eighteenth century.

A Brythonic language was used in parts of Galicia and Asturias into early Medieval times brought by Britons fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions via Brittany.

It is through Boethius that much of the thought of the Classical period was made available to the Western Medieval world.

The elemental system used in Medieval alchemy was developed by the Arabic alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and others.

Saint Columba ( 7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD )— also known as Colum Cille, or Chille ( Old Irish, meaning " dove of the church "), Colm Cille ( Irish ), Calum Cille ( Scottish Gaelic ), Colum Keeilley ( Manx Gaelic ) and Kolban or Kolbjørn ( Old Norse )— was a Gaelic Irish missionary monk who propagated Christianity among the Picts during the Early Medieval Period.

The Citadel of Gondershe | Gondershe, Somalia was an important city in the Medieval Ajuuraan State | Ajuuraan Empire.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

Constantine, son of Áed ( Medieval Gaelic: Constantín mac Áeda ; Modern Gaelic: Còiseam mac Aoidh, known in most modern regnal lists as Constantine II ; before 879 – 952 ) was an early King of Scotland, known then by the Gaelic name Alba.

The polyphonic organization of different melodies to sound at the same time was still a relatively new invention then, and it is understandable that the mathematical or physical relationships in frequency that give rise to the musical intervals as we hear them, should be foremost among the preoccupations of Medieval musicians.

Damascus steel was a term used by several Western cultures from the Medieval period onward to describe a type of steel created in India and used in swordmaking from about 300 BC to 1700 AD.

The name was transmitted via the Latin delphinus ( the romanization of the later Greek δελφῖνος – delphinos ), which in Medieval Latin became dolfinus and in Old French daulphin, which reintroduced the ph into the word.

It appears in Middle English as olifant or olifaunt, and was borrowed from Medieval French olifanz.

The Medieval Gjakmarrja ( blood feud ) was banned.

Possibly a borrowing ( probably via Frankish or Old High German ) of the Medieval Latin word foresta " open wood ", foresta was first used by Carolingian scribes in the Capitularies of Charlemagne to refer specifically to the king's royal hunting grounds.

The idea of feudalism was unknown and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the Medieval Period.

Similarly, it was commonly believed by Medieval people that other ancient figures like the poet Virgil, astronomer Ptolemy and philosopher Aristotle had been involved in magic, and grimoires claiming to have been written by them were circulated.