Political freedom has also been theorized in its opposition to ( and a condition of ) " power relations ", or the power of " action upon actions ," by Michel Foucault.

In its modern usage, the idea that a part of the Americas has affinity with the Romance cultures as a whole can be traced back to the 1830s, in the writing of the French Saint-Simonian Michel Chevalier, who postulated that this part of the Americas was inhabited by people of a " Latin race " and that it could, therefore, ally itself with " Latin Europe " in a struggle with " Teutonic Europe ", " Anglo-Saxon America " and " Slavic Europe ".

( a title that, in French, as easily means " The Prophecies, by M. Michel Nostradamus "— which is what they were — as " The Prophecies of M. Michel Nostradamus ", which, except in a few cases, they were not, other than in the manner of their editing, expression and reapplication to the future ).

* Michel Philippon, " Paul Valéry, une Poétique en poèmes ", Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 1993

* Michel Philippon, " Un Souvenir d ' enfance de Paul Valéry ", Éditions InterUniversitaires, 1996

Friedrich Nietzsche and, after him, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze also rejected the notion of " substance ", and in the same movement the concept of subject contained with the framework of Platonic idealism.

French Baroque composer Michel Pignolet de Montéclair composed " Pan et Syrinx ", a cantata for voice & ensemble ( No 4 of Second livre de cantates ).

The word was derived from the French word embarrasser, " to block " or " to obstruct ", or figuratively, " to put one in a difficult situation ".< sup > 6 </ sup > whose first recorded usage was by Michel de Montaigne in 1580.

" The Earl turned out to be a devoted husband: In 1583 the French ambassador, Michel de Castelnau, wrote of " the Earl of Leicester and his lady to whom he is much attached ", and " who has much influence over him ".

He was released ( or " expelled ", as the Czechoslovakian government put it ) after the interventions of the Mitterrand government, and the assistance of Michel Foucault, returning to Paris on January 1, 1982.

* " Michael of Albany ", self-style of Michel Roger Lafosse ; Stewart claimant.

", pp 70 – 82 in Michel Winock: " L ' Affaire Dreyfus ", Editions du Seuil, Paris, ISBN 2-02-032848

* Pour l ' amour de Marie Salat (" For Love of Marie Salat ", Albin Michel, 1987 )

* Le collier de perles (" The Pearl Necklace ", Albin Michel ) ISBN 2-226-15510-4 / 2006: Le Livre de Poche ( LGF ) ISBN 2-253-11767-6 :: 2004

She scored another Top 20 hit in Europe ( it went to No. 2 in France, earning a 2x platinum certification there ) with " The World Is Stone ", penned by Tim Rice, Michel Berger, and Luc Plamondon.

There is no character named Ellery Queen but Michel Piccoli plays " Paul Regis ", the investigator.

And, though his poetry was never " theory-driven ", the interpretation and exegesis of some of his more difficult poems has given rise to profound philosophical speculation by thinkers as divergent as Martin Heidegger, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault and Theodor Adorno.

Michel Verwilghen, Le mythe d ' Argenteuil: demeure d ' un couple royal, 2006, also see " Souvenirs de la Princesse Lilian ", an article by Jacques Franck published in La Libre Belgique, 29 October 2003 )

This controversial finding was first reported by the French psychologist and statistician Michel Gauquelin who, in his book L ' influence des astres (" The Influence of the Stars ", 1955 ), the first rigorous study of astrological claims, suggested that a statistically significant number of sports champions were born just after the planet Mars rises or culminates.

A popular variation called " Sertanejo universitário " is particularly well known outside Brazil with hits like " Ai Se Eu Te Pego ", by Michel Teló.

In September 2010, she released the single " Voler ", a duet with French singer Michel Sardou.

Michael Servetus, using the name " Michel de Villeneuve ", who already had his first death sentence from the University of Paris, anonymously published a Dioscorides-De Materia Medica in 1543, printed by Jean & Francois Frellon in Lyon.

Expanding upon Foucault's position, Alexander Nehamas writes that Foucault suggests " an author [...] is whoever can be understood to have produced a particular text as we interpret it ", not necessarily who penned the text.

According to Foucault, it is the " effect " of power and " disciplines " ( See Discipline and Punish: construction of the subject as student, soldier, " criminal ", etc.

Foucault was known for his controversial aphorisms, such as " language is oppression ", meaning that language functions in such a way as to render nonsensical, false or silent tendencies that might otherwise threaten or undermine the distributions of power backing a society's conventions-even when such distributions purport to celebrate liberation and expression or value minority groups and perspectives.

In 1954, Foucault authored an introduction to one of Binswager's papers, " Dream and Existence ", in which the Frenchman put forward the idea that dreams constituted " the birth of the world " or " the heart laid bare ", expressing the mind's deepest desires.

Biographer James Miller would later note that while the book exhibited " erudition and evident intelligence ", it lacked the " kind of fire and flair " which Foucault exhibited in his subsequent works.

Philosopher Jürgen Habermas has described Foucault as a " crypto-normativist ", covertly reliant on the very Enlightenment principles he attempts to deconstruct.

"" Power, Nietzsche and the Greeks: Foucault ’ s Leçons sur la volonté de savoir ", Berfrois, July 2011.

In The Birth of the Clinic: An Archeology of Medical Perception ( 1963 ), Foucault extended his critique to institutional clinical medicine, arguing for the central conceptual metaphor of " The Gaze ", which had implications for medical education, prison design, and the carceral state as understood today.

These, he claimed, had transformed 17th and 18th century studies of " general grammar " into modern " linguistics ", " natural history " into modern " biology ", and " analysis of wealth " into modern " economics "; though not, claimed Foucault, without loss of meaning.

* Julian Rubin, " The Invention of the Foucault Pendulum ", Following the Path of Discovery, 2007, retrieved 2007-10-31.

* " The Foucault Pendulum ", derivation of the precession in polar coordinates.

According to Foucault, Marxists also seized this discourse and took it in a different direction, transforming the essentialist notion of " race " into the historical notion of " class struggle ", defined by socially structured position: capitalist or proletarian.

From the 1970s onward, under the influence of neo-Marxism, critical theory and Michel Foucault, it became fashionable in the English-speaking academic social sciences and humanities to use the French word " critique ", instead of the ordinary " criticism ".

More broadly, Nussbaum criticized Michel Foucault for his " historical incompleteness and lack of conceptual clarity ", but nevertheless singled him out for providing " the only truly important work to have entered philosophy under the banner of " postmodernism ".

These scientists made three claims about race: first, that races are objective, naturally occurring divisions of humanity ; second, that there is a strong relationship between biological races and other human phenomena ( such as forms of activity and interpersonal relations and culture, and by extension the relative material success of cultures ), thus biologizing the notion of " race ", as Foucault demonstrated in his historical analysis ; third, that race is therefore a valid scientific category that can be used to explain and predict individual and group behavior.

A Cholera pandemic devastated Europe between 1829 and 1851, and was first fought by the use of what Foucault called " social medicine ", which focused on flux, circulation of air, location of cemeteries, etc.

In his lecture series from 1979 to 1980 Foucault extended his analysis of government to its " wider sense of techniques and procedures designed to direct the behaviour of men ", which involved a new consideration of the " examination of conscience " and confession in early Christian literature.

Part One, entitled " We “ Other Victorians ”", opens with a discussion of what Foucault calls the " repressive hypothesis ", the widespread belief among late 20th-century westerners that sexuality, and the open discussion of sex, was socially repressed during the late 17th, 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, a by-product of the rise of capitalism and bourgeois society.

Campbell proposed that the heroic mythological stories from culture to culture followed a similar underlying pattern, starting with the " call to adventure ", followed by a hazardous journey, and eventual triumph.

Colloquially referred to as the New World, this second super continent came to be termed " America ", probably deriving its name from the feminized Latin version of Vespucci's first name .< ref > Rival explanations have been proposed ( see Arciniegas, Germán.

In this model, the atom is composed of electrons ( which Thomson still called " corpuscles ", though G. J. Stoney had proposed that atoms of electricity be called electrons in 1894 ) surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons ' negative charges, like negatively charged " plums " surrounded by positively charged " pudding ".

Since the Church of England is a state church, a further step, sending the proposed revision to Parliament in the form of a " Deposited Book ", was required.

The first of the three laws, previously termed Clarke's Law, was proposed by Arthur C. Clarke in the essay " Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagination ", in Profiles of the Future ( 1962 ).

The alternative name " Schönfinkelisation ", has been proposed as a reference to Moses Schönfinkel.

William Forbes Skene and Alan Orr Anderson proposed that it should be read as " in conformity with the customs of the Gaels ", relating it to the claims in the king lists that Giric liberated the church from secular oppression and adopted Irish customs.

In Australian slang the term for an English person is " pommy ", which has been proposed as a rhyme on " pomegranate " rhyming with " immigrant ".

During this period, which has been called " the eclipse of Darwinism ", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms which eventually proved untenable.

However, Darwinism is also used neutrally within the scientific community to distinguish modern evolutionary theories, sometimes called " NeoDarwinism ", from those first proposed by Darwin.

Dewar called the Royal High School on Calton Hill in Edinburgh a " nationalist shibboleth ", mainly because it had been the proposed site of the Scottish Assembly in the 1979 referendum.

The philosophic solution that Lenin ( and Engels ) proposed was " dialectical materialism ", wherein matter is defined as " objective reality ", theoretically consistent with ( new ) developments occurred in the sciences.

Two principal competing etymologies have been proposed for the name " Eskimo ", both from the Innu-aimun ( Montagnais ) language.

Husserl proposed that the world of objects and ways in which we direct ourselves toward and perceive those objects is normally conceived of in what he called the " natural standpoint ", which is characterized by a belief that objects materially exist and exhibit properties that we see as emanating from them.

Although Scheler later criticised Husserl's idealistic logical approach and proposed instead a " phenomenology of love ", he states that he remained " deeply indebted " to Husserl throughout his work.

He also proposed many now ubiquitous terms including " anthropogeny ", " phylum ", " phylogeny ", " ecology " (" oekologie "), and proposed the kingdom Protista in 1866.

Haeckel advanced a version of the earlier " recapitulation theory ", previously set out by Étienne Serres in the 1820s and supported by followers of Geoffroy including Robert Edmond Grant, which proposed a link between ontogeny ( development of form ) and phylogeny ( evolutionary descent ), summed up by Haeckel in the phrase " ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny ".

The likeliest theory so far proposed is that it comes from a Gaulish compound of * ger " near " + * mani " men ", comparable to Welsh ger " near " ( prep.

Others have proposed a Germanic etymology * gēr-manni, " spear men ", cf.