" MnSOD reduces superoxide and thereby, confers resistance to mitochondrial dysfunction, permeability transition, and apoptotic death in various diseases.

While the action of superoxide in the pathogenesis of some conditions is strong, for instance, mice and rats overexpressing CuZnSOD or MnSOD are more resistant to strokes and heart attacks, the role of superoxide in aging must be regarded as unproven for now.

Superoxide dismutates, spontaneously or through catalysis via enzymes known as superoxide dismutases ( Cu / ZnSOD and MnSOD ), to hydrogen peroxide, which is then converted to hypochlorous acid HClO, by the green heme enzyme myeloperoxidase.

* Purdie, D., et al., Dietary antioxidants, manganese superoxide dismutase ( MnSOD ), and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.

Manganese superoxide dismutase ( MnSOD ) genetic polymorphisms, dietary antioxidants, and risk of breast cancer.

propose MnSOD is increased by the pathway RESV → SIRT1 / NAD + → FOXO3a → MnSOD.

MnSOD is known to be a target of FOXO3a, and MnSOD expression is strongly induced in cells overexpressing FOXO3a.

While studies in invertebrate models indicate that animals genetically engineered to lack specific antioxidant enzymes ( such as SOD ), in general, show a shortened lifespan ( as one would expect from the theory ), the converse manipulation, increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes, has yielded inconsistent effects on lifespan ( though some studies in Drosophila do show that lifespan can be increased by the overexpression of MnSOD or glutathione biosynthesizing enzymes ).

Mice lacking mitochondrial SOD ( MnSOD ) die around 21 days after birth due to neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy and lactic acidosis.

The hydrogen reduces the growth rate, but the temperature is raised to 850 or even 1050 ° C to compensate.

The engine was technically a liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen design, but dramatically reduces the amount of oxidizer needed to be carried on board by utilising atmospheric oxygen as the spacecraft climbed through the lower atmosphere.

Two water molecules are oxidized by four successive charge-separation reactions by photosystem II to yield a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions ; the electron yielded in each step is transferred to a redox-active tyrosine residue that then reduces the photoxidized paired-chlorophyll a species called P680 that serves as the primary ( light-driven ) electron donor in the photosystem II reaction center.

* The wave function of the ground state of a hydrogen atom is a spherically-symmetric distribution centred on the nucleus, which is largest at the center and reduces exponentially at larger distances.

Metallic conductivity reduces as hydrogen is absorbed, until at around PdH < sub > 0. 5 </ sub > the solid becomes a semiconductor.

Cytochrome c peroxidase, or CCP is a water-soluble heme-containing enzyme of the peroxidase family that takes reducing equivalents from cytochrome c and reduces hydrogen peroxide to water:

However, for reaching orbital speed, hydrogen is a better fuel, since the high exhaust velocity and hence lower propellant mass reduces the take off weight.

Lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminium hydride, a bulky hydride donor, reduces acyl chlorides to aldehydes, as does the Rosenmund reduction using hydrogen gas over a poisoned palladium catalyst.

Glutathione peroxidase reduces hydrogen peroxide by transferring the energy of the reactive peroxides to a very small sulfur-containing protein called glutathione.

In the large intestine, fructose that has not been adequately absorbed reduces the absorption of water osmotically and is metabolized by colonic bacteria into short chain fatty acids, producing the byproduct gases hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane.

The mass of the hydrogen tanks needed for compressed hydrogen reduces the fuel economy of the vehicle.

GOx at the surface of the honey reduces atmospheric O < sub > 2 </ sub > to hydrogen peroxide ( H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub >), which acts as an antimicrobial barrier.

Due to the high temperatures at which MCFCs operate, these fuels are converted to hydrogen within the fuel cell itself by a process called internal reforming, which also reduces cost.

Most rockets that use hydrogen fuel use it in upper stages only, where a low thrust-to-empty-mass ratio can be tolerated and where a hydrogen stage's low total mass reduces the size of the lower stages.

This means that hydrogen accumulates at the cathode and reduces the effectiveness of the cell.

By studying purple sulfur bacteria and green sulfur bacteria he was the first scientist to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light-dependent redox reaction, in which hydrogen from an oxidizable compound reduces carbon dioxide to cellular materials.

In addition to being an oxidizer and energy carrier, it is loaded with hydrogen and this provides cooling in the gun tube which reduces the erosion rate of the tube metal so more rounds can be fired before refit.

It reduces the content of hydrogen in the aluminium weld, preventing the associated porosity.

A recent description on how the poisons act on the selectivity of the Lindlar catalyst identifies a complementary role of the poisons while Pb reduces the amount of hydrogen content in the bulk of Pd, quinoline blocks the formation of oligomers.

During the LAGB phase, when mass loss reduces the hydrogen envelope's mass to around 10 < sup >− 2 </ sup > M < sub >☉</ sub > for a core mass of 0. 60 M < sub >☉</ sub >, a star will begin to evolve towards the blue side of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

It was created in 2010 to develop High Efficiency Video Coding, a new generation video coding standard that further reduces ( by 50 %) the data rate required for high quality video coding, as compared to the current ITU-T H. 264 / ISO / IEC 14496-10 standard.

Very far from the origin, the gauge group G is broken to H, and the't Hooft – Polyakov monopole reduces to the Dirac monopole.

It reduces glutathione via glutathione reductase, which converts reactive H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub > into H < sub > 2 </ sub > O by glutathione peroxidase.

# H reduces the n − k < sub > 0 </ sub > bits of X to k < sub > 0 </ sub > bits.

Dissolving CO < sub > 2 </ sub > in oil lowers the viscosity of the oil and reduces its interfacial tension which increases the oils mobility.

In addition, the cycle consumes acetate ( in the form of acetyl-CoA ) and water, reduces NAD < sup >+</ sup > to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide.

Ethanol reduces tremor activity in GABA < sub > A </ sub > receptor α1 -/- mice in a dose dependent manner.

The first part ( Forward Elimination ) reduces a given system to either triangular or echelon form, or results in a degenerate equation, indicating the system has no unique solution but may have multiple solutions ( rank < order ).

Increasing the amount of air in the engine reduces emissions of incomplete combustion products, but also promotes reaction between oxygen and nitrogen in the air to produce nitrogen oxides ( NO < sub > x </ sub >).

Beta reduction states that an application of the form < tt >( λx. t ) s </ tt > reduces to the term < tt > t := s </ tt > ( we write < tt >( λx. t ) s → t := s </ tt > as a convenient shorthand for “< tt >( λx. t ) s </ tt > beta reduces to < tt > t := s </ tt >”).

In the latter method, a buffered acidic solution of trivalent rare earths is treated with molten sodium-mercury alloy, which reduces and dissolves Yb < sup > 3 +</ sup >.

A few drops of vegetable oil at the start reduces surface tension and speeds the release of CO < sub > 2 </ sub >.

For example, raising the voltage by a factor of 10 reduces the current by a corresponding factor of 10 and therefore the I < sup > 2 </ sup > R losses by a factor of 100, provided the same sized conductors are used in both cases.

# For serial transmission in a single channel, the DSR reduces to ( 1 / T ) log < sub > 2 </ sub > n ; with a two-condition modulation, i. e. n = 2, the DSR is 1 / T, according to Hartley's law.

# For parallel transmission with equal unit intervals and equal numbers of significant conditions on each channel, the DSR is ( m / T ) log < sub > 2 </ sub > n ; in the case of a two-condition modulation, this reduces to m / T.

Incentives are used to reduce miles traveled by vehicles, which reduces the carbon emissions into the atmosphere, thereby reducing the amount of dissolved CO < sub > 2 </ sub > in the ocean.

For an electromagnet with a single magnetic circuit, of which length L < sub > core </ sub > is in the core material and length L < sub > gap </ sub > is in air gaps, Ampere's Law reduces to:

Supplementation with pyridoxine, folic acid, B < sub > 12 </ sub >, or trimethylglycine ( betaine ) reduces the concentration of homocysteine in the bloodstream .< ref name =" NYT2006-Crichton "> Legal note: Metabolite Laboratories is defending a patent as of March 2006 that may cover the mere mention or consideration of the relationship of vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > and homocysteine levels.

However, to be valuable, the condition must be < u > original </ u >; repainting or repairing a model reduces its value greatly, even if the final result can be very impressive.

Additionally, use of lithium-ion batteries reduces the overall weight of the vehicle and also achieves improved fuel economy of 30 % better than petro-powered vehicles with a consequent reduction in CO < sub > 2 </ sub > emissions helping to prevent global warming.