Mantova railway station, opened in 1873, forms part of the Verona – Mantua – Modena railway, and is a terminus of two secondary railways, linking Mantua with Cremona and Monselice, respectively.

In the 1647 campaign, Thomas Francis is mentioned as commanding alongside the French general in the forces sent across north Italy to work with the Duke of Modena Francesco I d ' Este who had just allied with France and opened up a ' second front ' against the Spaniards in Milan, though Mazarin confessed that he had appointed Thomas only because he feared that, if left behind in Piedmont, the Prince's restless spirit would make more trouble.

In the 1647 campaign, Thomas is mentioned as commanding alongside the French general in the forces sent across north Italy to work with the Duke of Modena Francesco I d ' Este who had just allied with France and opened up a ' second front ' against the Spaniards in Milan, though Mazarin confessed that he had appointed Thomas only because he feared that, if left behind in Piedmont, the Prince's restless spirit would make more trouble.

When the next session opened in October 1673, Ashley ( now Earl of Shaftesbury ), sensing the new mood, turned up at the House of Lords to loudly denounce the proposed marriage of James of York to the Catholic princess Mary of Modena.

Tarquinia, unlike Wert, but like Lucrezia, was a member of the nobility, and when her affair with Wert was found out in 1589 – their affair was plagued with spies, and their love-letters opened – she was banished to Modena.

The province of " Massa e Carrara " was born in 1859 from the separation of the Lunigiana and the Garfagnana from the Ducato of Modena.

The family thus ruled the duchy of Modena and Reggio again from 1814 to 1859, using the names Asburgo-Este ( Habsburg-Este ) and Austria-Este.

In 1859 the duchy lost its independence to the new united Italy, and Francis V, Duke of Modena, was deposed.

Ten years later, on August 20, 1859, the revolutionaries again invaded ( this time the Piedmontese ), annexing Modena into the revolutionary Savoyard nation of Italy as a territorial part of the Kingdom of Italy.

In the 16th century, most of these were seized by the Papal States, but the territories of Parma, Piacenza, and Modena remained independent until Emilia – Romagna became part of the Italian kingdom between 1859 and 1861.

In 1859, the Granducato officially ceased to exist, being joined to the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which used the undefaced tricolour until it was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia the following year.

He was the patrilineal ancestor of the line of dukes which ruled Lorraine until 1737 and of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty that ruled Tuscany ( 1737 – 1859 ), the Holy Roman Empire ( 1745 – 1807 ), Austria-Hungary ( 1780 – 1918 ), the Duchy of Parma ( 1814 – 1847 ), Duchy of Modena ( 1815 – 1859 ), and Mexico ( 1864 – 1867 ).

Apart from the core Habsburg dominions, including the triple crowns of Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia, several junior branches of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine reigned in the Italian duchies of Tuscany ( until 1860 ), Parma ( until 1847 ) and Modena ( until 1859 ).

The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza joined with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena to form the United Provinces of Central Italy in December 1859, and merged with the Kingdom of Sardinia into the Kingdom of Italy in March 1860 after holding a referendum.

In December 1859, the Grand Duchy effectively ceased to exist, being joined to the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia a few months later.

When on the outbreak of the war of 1859 Francis V, duke of Modena, was expelled and a provisional government set up, Farini was sent as Piedmontese commissioner to that city ; but, although recalled after the peace of Villafranca which ended the Second Italian War of Independence, he was determined on the annexation of central Italy to Sardinia / Piedmont and remained behind, becoming a Modenese citizen and dictator of the state.

Francesco Ferdinando Geminiano von Habsburg-Lothringen, known as Francis V of Modena () ( 1 June 1819 – 20 November 1875 ), Archduke of Austria-Este, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, was Duke of Modena, Reggio, and Mirandola, Duke of Guastalla ( from 1847 ), Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara from 1846 to 1859.

In 1859 the Duchy of Modena was invaded by armies of France and Piedmont.

Another line ruled the Vorlande from 1803 to 1805, and Modena from 1814 to 1859, while Empress Marie Louise, Napoleon's second wife and the daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis, ruled over the Duchy of Parma between 1814 and 1847.

In 1859, with the deposition of Francesco V d ' Este, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio ( which also includes the territories of Massa and Carrara ) was permanently attached to the Kingdom of Sardinia, with the formation of province of Massa-Carrara in December 1859.

The family, cognatically descended from the Estes, ruled the Duchy of Modena and Reggio again from 1814 to 1859, using the names Asburgo-Este ( Habsburg-Este ) and its variants, along with the subsidiary titles Duke of Reggio, of Mirandola, of Massa, Prince of Carrara and Lunigniana, and, since 1847, Duke of Guastalla.

Since August 1859, the pro-Sardinian regimes of Tuscany, Parma, Modena and the Papal Legations entered into a group of military treaties.

On 8 December 1859, Parma, Modena and the Papal Legations were incorporated into the Royal Provinces of Emilia.

After a series of wars they were decisively beaten by the Romans in a battle near Mutina ( Modena ) and their territory became part of the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul.

Ercole III died in exile at Treviso, having refused Napoleonic offers of compensation when Modena was made part of the Napoleonic Cispadane Republic.

The Venice 1625 text was heavily criticised as a forgery by Leon Modena as part of his criticisms of the Zohar as a forgery and Kabbalah in general.

The Carbonari were defeated but not beaten, part in the revolution of July 1830 that supported the liberal policy of King Louis Philippe of France on the wings of victory for the uprising in Paris, even the Italian Carbonari took up arms against some states in central and northern And particularly the Papal States and Modena.

From the 13th / 14th century until 1797, the area was part of the Vorlande, the area in southwest Germany ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs, but the Breisgau, along with the rest of the Vorlande, was ceded by them to the former Duke of Modena, a relation, as compensation for his loss of his hereditary lands to the French Cisalpine Republic.

Under the last Malaspina, Maria Teresa, who had married Ercole III d ' Este, it became part of the Duchy of Modena.

On 8 September 2007 the Frecce Tricolori took part at the funeral of Luciano Pavarotti in Modena and honoured him with a fly-past leaving green-white-red smoke trails.

In 1152 Reggio also warred with Parma and in 1225 with Modena, as part of the general struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines.

His piyyuṭim were praised also by Leon of Modena, who composed a song in his honor, which was printed at the beginning of the Olat Shabbat, the second part of the Zemirot Yisrael.

In 1831 he took part in the insurrection at Modena, fleeing afterwards to Paris, whence he proceeded to Spain to fight against the Carlists.

Garfagnana is an historical region of Italy, today part of the province of Lucca in the Apennines, in northwest Tuscany, but before the unification of Italy it belonged to the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, ruled by the Este family.

The Boncompagni rule fell with the Napoleonic Conquest of Italy, and, after the Congress of Vienna of 1814, Vignola became part of the Duchy of Modena.

In 1748, by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, the city became part of the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza e Guastalla, to which it belonged until 1847, when it was inherited by the Duke of Modena.

He took part in the Modena insurrection of 1831, and attempted to succour Ancona, but was arrested.

They continued to rule the Duchy of Modena and Reggio in the Emilia until 1796, when it became part of Napoleon Bonaparte's Cispadane Republic.

Also, in an attempt to promote the console, Gizmondo's executive Stefan Eriksson took part in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race of 2005 in a Gizmondo-sponsored Ferrari 360 Modena GTC.

The dispute about language took its place beside literary and political disputes, and all Italy took part in it: Basilio Puoti at Naples, Paolo Costa in the Romagna, Marc Antonio Parenti at Modena, Salvatore Betti at Rome, Giovanni Gherardini in Lombardy, Luigi Fornaciari at Lucca, and Vincenzo Nannucci at Florence.

Originally, the Kingdom consisted of the territories of the Italian Republic: former Duchy of Milan, Duchy of Mantua, Duchy of Modena, the western part of the Republic of Venice, part of the Papal States in Romagna, and the province of Novara.

In Europe, the infantry of the French Republican Guard, cadets at Saint-Cyr, cadets at the Belgian Royal Military Academy, cadets at the Portuguese Colégio Militar and Pupilos do Exército military schools, the Italian Horse Guards Corps, Horse Artillery and cadets at the Military Academy of Modena, the Danish Guard Hussar Regiment, and the Spanish Royal Guard and 1st Infantry Regiment all have shakos as part of their respective ceremonial uniforms.