Modern English, which almost entirely lacks declension in its nouns, does not have an explicitly marked accusative case even in the pronouns.

It is written in English, very similar to the Early Modern English linguistic style of the King James Version of the Bible, and has since been fully or partially translated into 108 languages.

Translations into the vernacular were done by famous notables, including King Alfred ( Old English ), Jean de Meun ( Old French ), Geoffrey Chaucer ( Middle English ), Queen Elizabeth I ( Early Modern English ), and Notker Labeo ( Old High German ).

Another result of the English influence on Chinese is the appearance in Modern Chinese texts of so-called 字母词 zìmǔcí ( lit.

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

According to Partridge ( 1972: 12 ), it dates from around 1840 and arose in the East End of London, however John Camden Hotten in his 1859 Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant and Vulgar Words states that ( English ) rhyming slang originated " about twelve or fifteen years ago " ( i. e. in the 1840s ) with ' chaunters ' and ' patterers ' in the Seven Dials area of London.

The language of Don Quixote, although still containing archaisms, is far more understandable to modern Spanish readers than is, for instance, the completely medieval Spanish of the Poema de mio Cid, a kind of Spanish that is as different from Cervantes's language as Middle English is from Modern English.

This conflation of case in Middle and Modern English has led most modern grammarians to discard the " accusative " and " dative " labels as obsolete, often using the term " objective " for oblique.

In Modern English, an indirect object is often expressed with a prepositional phrase of " to " or " for ".

Old English was a highly inflected language, as befits its Indo-European and especially its Germanic linguistic ancestry, but its declensions greatly simplified as it evolved into Modern English.

In Modern English, nouns have distinct singular and plural forms ; that is, they decline to reflect their grammatical number.

Gender is at best only weakly grammaticalized in Modern English.

Adjectives are not declined for case in Modern English, though they were in Old English.

The article is never regarded as declined in Modern English, although technically the words this and that, and their plural forms these and those, are modern forms of the as it was declined in Old English.

* English in the British Isles until its consolidation as a national language in the Renaissance and the rise of Modern English ; subsequently internationally under the various states in or formerly in the British Empire ; globally since the victories of the predominantly English speaking countries ( United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and others ) and their allies in the two world wars ending in 1918 ( World War I ) and 1945 ( WW II ) and the subsequent rise of the United States as a superpower and major cultural influence.

The 12 year cycle, including Turkish / Mongolian translations of the animal names ( known as sanawat-e turki سنوات ترکی ,) remained in use for chronology, historiography, and bureaucratic purposes in the Persian and Turkish speaking world from Asia Minor to India and Mongolia throughout the Medieval and Early Modern periods.

Modern Hebrew Bibles call the two books Ezra and Nehemiah, as do other modern Bible translations.

The book, featuring a text in Middle English with extensive scholarly notes, is frequently confused with the translation into Modern English that Tolkien prepared, along with translations of Pearl and Sir Orfeo, late in his life.

* Early 19th century: Modern Persian translations of the text are made, variously under the title Alf leile va leile, Hezār-o yek šab (), or, in distorted Arabic, Alf al-leil.

He soon became famous for his rhetoric, satire and translations and was held in high esteem by the printer William Caxton, who wrote, in the preface to The Boke of Eneydos compyled by Vargyle ( Modern English: The Book of the Aeneid, compiled by Virgil ) ( 1490 ):

In 1700 English poet John Dryden published his translations of myths by Ovid, Homer, and Boccaccio in the volume Fables, Ancient and Modern.

As a result there are discrepancies regarding the spelling of names, because English translations maintain Middle Welsh orthography whereas Modern Welsh versions use Modern Welsh orthography.

Modern translations normally credit the Lithuanian monarch with the title of " High King ".

Modern translations mainly use Eclectic editions that conform more often to the Alexandrian text-type.

In 2004, two new English translations by Arthur Goldhammer ( Modern Library ) and Brian Nelson ( Oxford World's Classics ) were published to acclaim.

* Bible Translation, Knox's Translation of the Vulgate, see Modern English Bible translations

Good English translations were published in the Athenaeum by Mrs TA Trollope, and some by WD Howells are in his Modern Italian Poets ( 1887 ).

Modern translations of the book into English include:

Modern translations differ from the KJV on numerous points, sometimes resulting from access to different early texts, largely as a result of work in the field of textual criticism.

Modern translations of the Romance kharjas are a matter of debate particularly because Hebrew and Arabic scripts do not include vowels.

* Modern English Bible translations

Early Modern English Bible translations are those translations of the Bible which were made between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English.

Modern English translations of the Bible are based on a wider variety of manuscripts in the original languages ( Greek and Hebrew ).

Modern translations take different approaches to the rendering of the original languages of approaches.

( Septuagint Genesis 11: 16-19 ) Modern translations generally use the names and dating as in the Masoretic Hebrew text.

Modern roosters have lost the art of crowing restless spirits back to Purgatory.

Modern times have changed the world beyond recognition.

He was able to smell a bargain -- and a masterpiece -- a continent away, and the Museum of Modern Art's Alfred Barr said of him: `` I have never mentioned a new artist that Thompson didn't know about ''.

Modern Westerners have difficulty comprehending this fusion of moral and material, largely because in the West the historical trend has been to deny the connection.

Modern amphibians have fully ossified vertebrae with articular processes.

Modern anchors for smaller vessels have metal flukes which hook on to rocks on the bottom or bury themselves in soft bottoms.

Modern experiments have tested claims that Archimedes designed machines capable of lifting attacking ships out of the water and setting ships on fire using an array of mirrors.

Modern aestheticians have asserted that will and desire were almost dormant in aesthetic experience, yet preference and choice have seemed important aesthetics to some 20th-century thinkers.

Modern glues have improved flexibility, toughness, curing rate, and chemical resistance.

Modern 155 mm guns have a primer magazine fitted to their breech.

Modern Class AB amplifiers commonly have peak efficiencies between 30 – 55 % in audio systems and 50-70 % in radio frequency systems with a theoretical maximum of 78. 5 %.

Modern studies have shown the important role such concepts played in the world-view of Early Medieval scholars.

Modern historians have completed many studies of Bede's works.

Modern historians have studied the Historia extensively, and a number of editions have been produced.

Modern historians and editors of Bede have been lavish in their praise of his achievement in the Historia Ecclesiastica.

Modern battles now continue to resemble that of World War II, though prominent innovations have been added.

Recently, the team at the Institute of Modern Physics ( IMP ), Lanzhou, have studied the nuclear reaction between americium-243 and magnesium-26 ions in order to synthesise the new isotope < sup > 265 </ sup > Bh

Modern scholars have instead proposed that, with the eponymous Benjamin being just a metaphor, son of the south / son of the right are references to the tribe's being subordinate to the more dominant tribe of Ephraim.

In some published editions of the Bible, 1 & 2 Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah have been presented together as a single book, for example, in The Modern Reader's Bible ( 1907 ) and The Books of the Bible ( 2007 ).

Modern Christian hymns have been inspired by the words of the prophet Habakkuk.

Modern historians have proposed wide ranging numbers for the infantry, from 20, 000 – 100, 000 with a consensus of perhaps 25, 000 ; estimates for the cavalry are in the range of 1, 000.

Modern hospitals now have available spare parts to replace a part of the body that is badly damaged by injury or disease.