Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

Forseti ( Old Norse " the presiding one ," actually " president " in Modern Icelandic and Faroese ) is an Æsir god of justice and reconciliation in Norse mythology.

Among modern languages, cases still feature prominently in most of the Balto-Slavic languages, with most having six to eight cases, as well as Icelandic, German and Modern Greek, which have four.

Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense ( of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods ), in English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Icelandic, Swedish, Norwegian, Latvian, Bulgarian, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Polish, Slovenian, Hindi, Persian, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Albanian, Armenian, Irish, Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek.

Old Norse kenna ( Modern Icelandic kenna, Swedish känna, Danish kende, Norwegian kjenne or kjenna ) is cognate with Old English cennan, Old Frisian kenna, kanna, Old Saxon ( ant ) kennian ( Middle Dutch and Dutch kennen ), Old High German ( ir -, in -, pi -) chennan ( Middle High German and German kennen ), Gothic kannjan < Proto-Germanic * kannjanan, originally causative of * kunnanan “ to know ( how to )”, whence Modern English can ' to be able ' ( from the same Proto-Indo-European root as Modern English know and Latin-derived cognition ).

The simplest kennings consist of a base-word ( Modern Icelandic stofnorð, German Grundwort ) and a determinant ( Modern Icelandic kenniorð, German Bestimmung ) which qualifies, or modifies, the meaning of the base-word.

The name continues on as Norwegian Ty, Swedish Tyr, Danish Tyr, while it remains Týr in Modern Icelandic and Faroese.

The Modern Icelandic form is Ullur.

By the era of Early Modern English, the mole was also known in English as mouldywarp, a word having cognates in other Germanic languages such as German ( Maulwurf ), and Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Icelandic ( muldvarp, mullvad, moldvarpa ), where the muld / mull / mold part of the word means soil and the varp / vad / varpa part means throw, hence " one who throws soil " or " dirt tosser ".

Völuspá ( Old Norse Vǫluspá, Prophecy of the Völva ( Seeress ); Modern Icelandic, reconstructed Old Norse ) is the first and best known poem of the Poetic Edda.

Modern Icelandic remains close to the Old Norse spoken in the Viking Age.

" Environmental and climatic effects from atmospheric SO < sub > 2 </ sub > mass loading from Icelandic flood lava eruptions " in Chris Caseldine et al., Iceland: Modern Processes And Past Environments, Elsevier, 205-19, 2005

A heiti ( Old Norse heiti, Modern Icelandic, pl.

The Institute's academic staff, which at present number seven, are responsible for research and instruction in the areas of Old West Norse ( Old Icelandic ), Old Danish and Old Swedish, as well as Modern Icelandic and Faroese language and literature.

In Old English dréogan ( Modern English drudge / drudgery, and dialectal dree ) and in Icelandic drýgia ( n ) appear, both meaning " to perform ".

* The saga in Modern Icelandic

Modern usage uses a ' ten-foot ' pole, but the earliest instances in print involve a forty-foot pole, which is improbably long for operating a barge.

Modern Esperanto usage may in fact depart from that originally described in the Fundamento, though the differences are largely semantic ( involving changed meaning of words ) rather than grammatical or phonological.

Modern usage of the term intellectual property goes back at least as far as 1867 with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property ( Schutz des geistigen Eigentums ) to the confederation.

Modern usage avoids the fallacy by acknowledging the possibility of this middle ground.

* Modern usage includes a logically valid form, in which a minor action causes a significant impact through a long chain of logical relationships.

Modern codification of the rule in English can be found in the mid 18th century with Anne Fisher's A New Grammar, generic use of the pronoun he has been preferred ( but not required ) in such constructions by many contemporary grammar and usage books.

In Modern Greek usage ( and since the Roman Imperial period ), the letters < η > < ι > < υ > and the letter combinations < ει > < oι > < υι > may be pronounced.

Modern usage derives primarily from one of the earliest computer games, Colossal Cave Adventure, in which the idea is to explore an underground cave with many rooms, collecting the treasures found there.

Modern usage of the term " computer simulation " may encompass virtually any computer-based representation.

Modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well.

Modern usage of ' diocese ' tends to refer to the sphere of a bishop's jurisdiction.

In Modern Hebrew usage, an Israelite is, broadly speaking, a lay member of the Jewish ethnoreligious community, as opposed to the priestly orders of Kohanim and Levites.

Modern usage for " amphitheater " can embrace theatre-style stages with the audience only on one side, theatres in the round, and stadiums.

A Dictionary of Modern English Usage ( 1926 ), by Henry Watson Fowler ( 1858 – 1933 ), is a style guide to British English usage, pronunciation, and writing.

Before writing A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Henry Fowler and his younger brother, Francis George Fowler ( 1871 – 1918 ), wrote and revised The King's English ( 1906 ), a grammar and usage guide later superseded by this book in the 1930s.

Historically, the substantive and editorial differences among the first-edition and the third-edition versions is that the former, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage ( 1926 ), is a prescriptive style guide to clear and expressive writing, whilst the latter versions, The New Fowler ’ s Modern English Usage ( 1996 ) and Fowler ’ s Modern English Usage ( 2004 ), are descriptive usage guides to spoken and written English.

The 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica states that " he spelling ' tyre ' is not now accepted by the best English authorities, and is unrecognized in the US ", while Fowler's Modern English Usage of 1926 says that " there is nothing to be said for ' tyre ', which is etymologically wrong, as well as needlessly divergent from our own British older & the present American usage ".

The noun damnation itself is mostly reserved for the religious sense in Modern English, while condemnation remains common in secular usage.

Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term " stained glass " to include domestic leadlight and objets d ' art created from came glasswork exemplified in the famous lamps of Louis Comfort Tiffany.

A distinguishing feature of Yeshivish is that its speakers knowingly apply highly technical and literal written language to a colloquial language and in common day usage, similar to Modern Hebrew, for example:

Modern usage is more specific, referring almost exclusively to the hand-tool pressure flaking process pictured to the right.

) This usage was routine in the Venetian-ruled Aegean in the Early Modern era.

Modern discussions of alchemy are generally split into an examination of its exoteric practical applications, and its esoteric aspects.

Modern self-propelled artillery vehicles may superficially resemble tanks, but they are generally lightly armoured, too lightly to survive in direct-fire combat.

Modern historians generally accept these numbers as reasonable.

Modern brass instruments generally come in one of two families:

Modern societies generally regard crimes as offences against the public or the state, as distinguished from torts ( wrongs against private parties that can give rise to a civil cause of action ).

Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a single drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath or ( much less often ) a speech balloon.

Modern Judaism generally rejects this form of motivation, instead teaching to do the right thing because it's the right thing to do.

Michael Collins, pseudonym of Dennis Lynds, is generally considered the author who led the form into the Modern Age.

Modern languages also generally support modular programming, the separation between the interface of a library module and its implementation.

Modern German features the cognate term Ostern, but otherwise, Germanic languages generally use the non-native term pascha for the event.

Modern cinema is generally regarded as descending from the work of the French Lumière brothers in 1895, and their show first came to London in 1896.

Modern scholars such as Lee Hollander explain that Lokasenna was intended to be humorous and that the accusations thrown by Loki in the poem are not necessarily to be taken as " generally accepted lore " at the time it was composed.

Modern U. S. civilian carbines include compact customizations of the AR-15, Ruger Mini-14, Beretta Cx4 Storm, Kel-Tec SUB-2000, bolt-action rifles generally falling under the specifications of a scout rifle, and aftermarket conversion kits for popular pistols including the M1911 and Glock models.

Modern editors generally follow this traditional division, but consider it unsatisfactory ; for example, after Hamlet drags Polonius's body out of Gertrude's bedchamber, there is an act-break after which the action appears to continue uninterrupted.

Modern scholars generally turn to Herodotus's own writing for reliable information about his life, very carefully supplemented with other ancient yet much later sources, such as the Byzantine Suda:

Modern scholarship has doubted their authenticity, and these works are generally referred to as forming part of the " Hesiodic Corpus " whether or not their authorship is accepted.

The latter construction is the one generally used in Modern Hebrew.

Modern reloading dies are generally standardized with 7 / 8-14 ( or, for the case of 50 BMG dies, with 1-1 / 4x12 ) threads and are interchangeable with all common brands of presses, although older dies may use other threads and be press-specific.

Within Modern Orthodox Judaism, there is no one committee or leader, but Modern Orthodox rabbis generally agree with the views set by consensus by the leaders of the Rabbinical Council of America.

Modern Orthodox authorities are generally more inclined to permit limited changes in customs, and some reconsideration of precedent.

Modern theatrical improvisation is generally accepted to have taken form in the improvisational acting exercises developed by Viola Spolin in the 1940s, 50s and 60s, now known as Theater Games.

Modern improvisational comedy, as it is practiced in the West, falls generally into two categories: shortform and longform.

Word order in Old Norse was generally freer than in Modern English.

Modern instruments with 15 or fewer strings are generally more closely modeled on traditional shapes, and form a category of instrument known as small kantele, in contrast to the modern concert kantele.