In Modern Hebrew usage, an Israelite is, broadly speaking, a lay member of the Jewish ethnoreligious community, as opposed to the priestly orders of Kohanim and Levites.

Modern cultures in this region, many of whom claim some of these ancient people as ancestors, contain a striking range of diversity in lifestyles, social organization, language and religious beliefs.

According to tradition, Constantine arranged for the rockface to be removed from around the tomb, without harming it, in order to isolate the tomb ; in the centre of the rotunda is a small building called the Kouvouklion ( Kουβούκλιον ; Modern Greek for small compartment ) or Aedicule ( from Latin: aediculum, small building ), which supposedly encloses this tomb, although it is not currently possible to verify the claim, as the remains are completely enveloped by a marble sheath.

The Essenes ( in Modern but not in Ancient Hebrew:, Isiyim ; Greek: Εσσήνοι, Εσσαίοι, or Οσσαίοι ; Essēnoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi ) were a sect of Second Temple Judaism that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE which some scholars claim seceded from the Zadokite priests.

Samarrai, however, also advises to handle this theory with care, as Medieval and Early Modern Muslim scribes often used etymologically " fanciful roots " in order claim the most outlandish things to be of Arabian or Muslim origin.

The Essenes ( in Modern but not in Ancient Hebrew:, Isiyim ; Greek: Εσσηνοι, Εσσαιοι, or Οσσαιοι ; Essēnoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi ) were a Jewish sect that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE which some scholars claim seceded from the Zadokite priests.

Modern scholars regard this claim as mistaken, as the contemporary historians of science David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers write: " there was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge sphericity and even know its approximate circumference.

Modern proponents of social Trinitarianism often claim to have been influenced by the Cappadocians ' dynamic picture of the Trinity.

Modern schools that claim to train ninjutsu arose from the 1970s, among others those of Masaaki Hatsumi ( Bujinkan ) and Stephen K. Hayes ( To-Shin Do ).

After a 1997 – 1998 exhibit of Schiele's work at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the painting was seized by order of the New York County District Attorney and had been tied up in litigation by heirs of its former owner who claim that the painting was Nazi plunder and should be returned to them.

Although even in Modern Orthodox circles there are some Rabbis ( e. g. Professor Marc Shapiro ) that point out the numerous rabbinic sources from the Talmudic, Post-Talmudic, and medieval ages that claim that there were some changes to the text, which include whole verses, that were made deliberately during the Mishnaic era, and even during the times of the first temple.

Modern scholars, however, have theorized that by assuming the typical symbols of pharaonic power, Hatshepsut was asserting her claim to be the sovereign rather than a " King's Great Wife " or queen consort.

Support for their claim appeared in 2004 when scientists at the Institute of Modern Physics ( IMP ) identified < sup > 266 </ sup > Bh as decaying with identical properties to their single event ( see bohrium ).

Edward the Bruce ( Norman French: Edward de Brus ; Medieval Gaelic: Edubard a Briuis ; Modern Scottish Gaelic: Eideard or Iomhair Bruis ; 1280 – 14 October 1318 ), sometimes modernised Edward of Bruce, was a younger brother of King Robert I of Scotland, who supported his brother in the struggle for the crown of Scotland, then pursued his own claim in Ireland.

There are those who would claim both Hirsch and Hildesheimer as indirect philosophical founders of Modern Orthodox Judaism ; in fact, of the two, Hildesheimer is more likely classifiable as such.

Modern historians however, such as Vasil Zlatarski, claim that these numbers are exaggerated.

Modern users claim it is effective for eczema, psoriasis, arthritis, herpes, and leprosy, along with a variety of other complaints.

Spanish phoneticians normally describe the difference as ( for the northern Iberian sound ) vs. ( for the more common sound ), but Ladefoged and Maddieson claim that English / s / can be pronounced apical, which is evidently not the same as the apical sibilant of Iberian Spanish and Basque, In addition, Adams asserts that many dialects of Modern Greek have a laminal sibilant with a sound quality similar to the " apico-alveolar " sibilant of northern Iberia.

Modern authorities have retroactively labelled Ryan the " Heavyweight Champion of America ", but any claim to Ryan's being a " world champion " would have been dubious ; he'd never contended internationally as Sullivan had.

Modern scientific literature contains little or no evidence to support or refute this claim.

Modern scholarship is generally of the opinion that Theobald was honest in his claim, for Double Falshood appears to be based on the lost Cardenio, by Shakespeare and John Fletcher.

Modern historians have been more inclined to take this claim seriously.

i. 107 When a second dream warned Astyages of the dangers of Mandane's offspring, Astyages sent his general Harpagus to kill the child, who was none other than Cyrus himself. Modern scholarship generally rejects his claim that Cyrus was the grandson of Astyages.

My, book represents one of the phases of its embryonic development ; and as the human embryo, in its early stages, still reproduces the gill-arches of our fish-ancestors, so this book exhibits everywhere the traces of the descent of Modern Socialism from one of its ancestors, German philosophy.

Modern genealogists make him a son of Tulga, a possibility sustained by the fact of his being a humble man of royal descent, since his father was deposed at a young age and when his own sons were still infants.

Modern Pueblo oral traditions hold that the Pueblo originated to the north of their current settlements, from sipapu, where they emerged from the underworld.

Alexander I ( c. 1078 – 23 April 1124 ), also called Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim ( Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim ) and nicknamed " The Fierce ", was King of the Scots from 1107 to his death.

Alexander II ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Uilliam ; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Uilleim ) ( 24 August 1198 – 6 July 1249 ) was King of Scots from

Alexander III ( Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Alaxandair ; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Alasdair ) ( 4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286 ) was King of Scots from 1249 to his death.

Modern Anah lies from west to east on the right bank along a bend of the river just before it turns south towards Hit, and presents an attractive appearance.

Modern IFVs are well-armed infantry carriers, differencing from earlier APCs by their heavier armament allowing them to give direct-fire support during an assault.

** Early Modern Britain, Britain from the Tudor period, from 1485 to 1707

* Modern Bulgarian – dates from the 16th century onwards, undergoing general grammar and syntax changes in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The historical development of the Bulgarian language can be described as a transition from a highly synthetic language ( Old Bulgarian ) to a typical analytic language ( Modern Bulgarian ) with Middle Bulgarian as a midpoint in this transition.

Modern boomerangs used for sport are often made from carbon fibre-reinforced plastics, thin aircraft plywood, or other high-tech materials.

Dryden: " The rest in shape a beagle's whelp throughout, With broader forehead and a sharper snout " The Cock and the Fox, and again: " About her feet were little beagles seen " in Palamon and Arcite both from Fables, Ancient and Modern ( 1700 )

Modern historians have proposed wide ranging numbers for the infantry, from 20, 000 – 100, 000 with a consensus of perhaps 25, 000 ; estimates for the cavalry are in the range of 1, 000.

Modern Christian churches tend to be much more concerned with how humanity can be saved from a universal condition of sin and death than the question of how both Jews and Gentiles can be in God's family.

The language became recognizable as Modern Khmer, spoken from the 19th century till today.

Modern microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to cell phones and children's toys.

Modern structural concrete differs from Roman concrete in two important details.

Modern research has located 20, 000 mass graves from the Khmer Rouge era all over Cambodia.

* Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China ( 1999 ), 876pp ; well written survey from 1644 to 1990s excerpt and text search ; complete edition online at Questia

* Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China ( 1991 ), 876pp ; well written survey from 1644 to 1980s excerpt and text search ; complete edition online

Modern societies generally regard crimes as offences against the public or the state, as distinguished from torts ( wrongs against private parties that can give rise to a civil cause of action ).

The glossing was probably brought to England as Old French crimne ( 12th century form of Modern French crime ), from Latin crimen ( in the genitive case: criminis ).

Modern calculations in quantum chemistry usually start from ( but ultimately go far beyond ) a molecular orbital rather than a valence bond approach, not because of any intrinsic superiority in the former but rather because the MO approach is more readily adapted to numerical computations.

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".