Historian Geoffrey Hosking in his 2005 Modern Scholar lecture course suggested that citizenship in ancient Greece arose from an appreciation for the importance of freedom.

Modern citizenship is much more passive ; action is delegated to others ; citizenship is often a constraint on acting, not an impetus to act.

On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.

Modern physics has developed the theory that all matter consists of minute waves of energy.

Modern man, as Dietrich Bonhoeffer has told us, has `` come of age '' ; ;

Modern psychology has shown that paralleling `` the authoritarian personality '' is `` the bigoted personality '' in which insecurity, inferiority, suspicion, and distrust combine to provide a target for antagonism so indispensable that it will be manufactured if it does not exist naturally.

Modern Westerners have difficulty comprehending this fusion of moral and material, largely because in the West the historical trend has been to deny the connection.

Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Kabyle and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.

In Modern Greek, vowel length has been lost, and all instances of alpha represent the short.

From the Early Modern period, their name has become a term for female warriors in general.

* Swearingen Jr., William Scott Environmental City: People, Place, and the Meaning of Modern Austin ( University of Texas Press ; 2010 ) 273 pages ; traces the history of environmentalism in the Texas capital, which has been part of a larger effort to preserve Austin's quality of life and sense of place.

During the more recent Modern era and in the Post-Modern period the artillery crew has used wheeled or tracked vehicles as a mode of transportation.

Modern coastal artillery ( for example, Russia's " Bereg " system ) is often self propelled, ( allowing it to avoid counter-battery fire ) and fully integrated, meaning that each battery has all of the support systems that it requires ( maintenance, targeting radar, etc.

Modern genetics has made clear that the lack of use does not, in itself, necessitate a feature's disappearance.

Modern ballroom dance has its roots early in the 20th century, when several different things happened more or less at the same time.

Modern technology ( the internet and cheaper home printing ) has also influenced board games via the phenomenon of print-and-play board games that you buy and print yourself.

It is written in English, very similar to the Early Modern English linguistic style of the King James Version of the Bible, and has since been fully or partially translated into 108 languages.

Modern barter and trade has evolved considerably to become an effective method of increasing sales, conserving cash, moving inventory, and making use of excess production capacity for businesses around the world.

Modern biotechnology has evolved, making it possible to produce more easily and relatively cheaply human growth hormone, clotting factors for hemophiliacs, fertility drugs, erythropoietin and other drugs.

Although some of Chaplin's critics have claimed that credit for his film music should be given to the composers who worked with him, for example Raksin, who worked with Chaplin on Modern Times, has stressed Chaplin's creative position and active participation in the composing process.

Modern cultural anthropology has its origins in, and developed in reaction to, 19th century " ethnology ", which involves the organized comparison of human societies.

Modern research has located 20, 000 mass graves from the Khmer Rouge era all over Cambodia.

More recently, Modern Family character Cameron Tucker has been shown as a Bears fan.

Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as " football ", played at public schools in England in the mid-19th century.

Modern American politics has been described as a duopoly since the Republican and Democratic parties have dominated and framed policy debate as well as the public discourse on matters of national concern for about a century and a half.

Modern critics often fault Alcott for not being able to financially support his family.

Modern advertising was created with the innovative techniques introduced with tobacco advertising in the 1920s, most significantly with the campaigns of Edward Bernays, which is often considered the founder of modern, Madison Avenue advertising.

Modern beadwork is often used as a creative hobby to create jewelry, purses, coasters, and dozens of other crafts.

Modern boomerangs used for sport are often made from carbon fibre-reinforced plastics, thin aircraft plywood, or other high-tech materials.

Modern biotechnology is often associated with the use of genetically altered microorganisms such as E. coli or yeast for the production of substances like synthetic insulin or antibiotics.

It is because of these and other contributions that Antoine Lavoisier is often celebrated as the " Father of Modern Chemistry ".

Some Modern Orthodox leaders cooperate and work with the Conservative movement, while haredi (" Ultra-Orthodox ") Jews often eschew formal contact with Conservative Judaism, or at least its rabbinate.

Modern conservative parties often define themselves by their opposition to liberal or labour parties.

Modern crossbow sights often use similar technology to modern firearm sights, such red dot sights and telescopic sights.

Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a single drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath or ( much less often ) a speech balloon.

Modern Roman Catholic churches often have a crucifix above the altar on the wall ; for the celebration of Mass, the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church requires that, " on or close to the altar there is to be a cross with a figure of Christ crucified ".

Modern cable systems are large, with a single network and headend often serving an entire metropolitan area or county.

Modern Donegal fiddle music is often played in concerts and recorded on albums.

Modern western mysticism and new age philosophy often use the term ' the Divine ' as a noun in this latter sense: a non-specific principle and / or being that gives rise to the world, and acts as the source or wellspring of life.

This conflation of case in Middle and Modern English has led most modern grammarians to discard the " accusative " and " dative " labels as obsolete, often using the term " objective " for oblique.

In Modern English, an indirect object is often expressed with a prepositional phrase of " to " or " for ".

Modern school textbooks often define separate figures called lines ( infinite ), rays ( semi-infinite ), and line segments ( of finite length ).

Samarrai, however, also advises to handle this theory with care, as Medieval and Early Modern Muslim scribes often used etymologically " fanciful roots " in order claim the most outlandish things to be of Arabian or Muslim origin.

Modern readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful titles Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies.

Modern harp strings are often nylon or, less often, metal ; tuning pins are also metal components.