Monatomic gas heat capacities per atom ( not per molecule ) are decreased by a factor of 2 with regard to solids, due to loss of half of the potential degrees of freedom per atom for storing energy in a monatomic gas, as compared with regard to an ideal solid.

Monatomic solids at room temperatures have approximately the same specific heat of 3k per atom, but at low temperatures they don't.

Monatomic oxygen is electrically neutral and although it does recombine during the channeling, it does so at a slower rate than the positively or negatively charged free radicals, which attract one another.

Whereas the usual organic surface-active agent is strongly sorbed at oil - water interfaces, the highly charged ions are most strongly sorbed at interfaces between water and insoluble materials exhibiting an ionic structure ( see Table 26-2 on p. 1678 ).

From the equilibrium sorption data which are available, it seems logical to expect that polyphosphate ions would be strongly sorbed on the surface of the dirt ( especially clay soils ) so as to give it a greatly increased negative charge.

Experiments are in progress to develop ultraviolet spectrophotometric techniques for assaying these enzymes and for studying their sensitivity to metal ions.

The Arrhenius definition states that acids are substances which increase the concentration of hydronium ions ( H < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sup >+</ sup >) in solution.

The reason why pHs of acids are less than 7 is that the concentration of hydronium ions is greater than 10 < sup >− 7 </ sup > moles per liter.

Hydronium ions are acids according to all three definitions.

The next two reactions do not involve the formation of ions but are still proton transfer reactions.

Argon-containing ions and excited state complexes, such as and ArF, respectively, are known to exist.

As with most lanthanides and actinides, actinium exists in the oxidation state + 3, and the Ac < sup > 3 +</ sup > ions are colorless in solutions.

Most acid soils are saturated with aluminium rather than hydrogen ions.

These nodes are areas where the action potential is amplified using a high density of sodium ( Na < big >+</ big >) ions and is subsequently passed along the axon.

Aldosterone's effects are on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the kidney where it causes increased reabsorption of sodium and increased excretion of both potassium ( by principal cells ) and hydrogen ions ( by intercalated cells of the collecting duct ).

At the anode, anions ( negative ions ) are forced by the electrical potential to react chemically and give off electrons ( oxidation ) which then flow up and into the driving circuit.

As the P-doped layer supplies holes to the depleted region, negative dopant ions are left behind in the P-doped layer (' P ' for positive charge-carrier ions ).

Sometimes small carbon containing ions are included in such schemes.

These ions, under the influence of the electric field, are accelerated into the cathode surface containing the sample, bombarding the sample and causing neutral sample atom ejection through the process known as sputtering.

The gas ions are accelerated towards the cathode and, upon impact on the cathode, sputter cathode material that is excited in the glow discharge to emit the radiation of the sputtered material, i. e., the element of interest.

Alkalis are all Arrhenius bases, which form hydroxide ions ( OH < sup >-</ sup >) when dissolved in water.

As defined by Arrhenius, acid – base reactions are characterized by Arrhenius acids, which dissociate in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (), and Arrhenius bases, which form hydroxide () ions.

Technically, the method is destructive in nature removing ions from a sample surface in order to image and identify them, generating magnifications sufficient to observe individual atoms as they are removed from the sample surface.

Rather, the sample is evaporated in a controlled manner ( field evaporation ) and the evaporated ions are impacted onto a detector, which may be up to several meters from the specimen.

In the IAP, ions emitted from the surface are recorded and mass analyzed at a detector placed within 12 cm of the tip ( to provide a reasonably large field of view ).

Whether evaporated from the material itself, or ionised from the gas, the ions that are evaporated are accelerated by electrostatic force, acquiring most of their energy within a few tip-radii of the sample.

For example, in the presence of H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub > formed by the eosinophil, and either chloride or bromide ions, eosinophil peroxidase provides a potent mechanism by which eosinophils kill multicellular parasites ( such as, for example, the nematode worms involved in filariasis ); and also certain bacteria ( such as tuberculosis bacteria ).

Sulfuric acid and H < sup >+</ sup > ions that have been formed can leak into the ground and surface water turning it acidic, causing environmental damage.

In a vacuum, a beam of ions or electrons may be formed.

A detector is placed so as to collect these repelled ions ; the image formed from all the collected ions can be of sufficient resolution to image individual atoms on the tip surface.

These substances, major constituents of bauxite, are known as laterites and are formed by leeching from rocks of most of the ions other than aluminium and iron and subsequent hydrolysis of the remaining aluminium and iron.

An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

These discharges were found to be formed by both negative nitrogen ions and positive oxygen ions.

Banded iron formations have been taken as unavoidable evidence for global ice cover, since they require dissolved iron ions and anoxic waters to form ; however, the limited extent of the Neoproterozoic banded iron deposits means that they may not have formed in frozen oceans, but instead in inland seas.

A fraction of the formed ions passes through a ~ 1 mm hole ( sampler cone ) and then a ~ 0. 4 mm hole ( skimmer cone ).

Most Northern hemisphere natural zeolites were formed when molten lava came in contact with sea water, thereby ' loading ' the zeolite with Na ( sodium ) sacrificial ions.

In low-ester pectins, ionic bridges are formed between calcium ions and the ionised carboxyl groups of the galacturonic acid.

The Mn ( SO < sub > 4 </ sub >)< sub > 2 </ sub > formed by the acid converts the iodide ions into iodine, itself being reduced back to manganese ( II ) ions in an acidic medium.

However, at the same time, potassium nitrate also formed, from the potassium ions in the iodide and the nitrate ions in the silver.

As a result, chemiosmosis occurs, producing ATP from ADP and a phosphate group when ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy from the concentration gradient formed by the amount of H < sup >+</ sup > ions.

Although fewer by-products are formed by ozonation, it has been discovered that ozone reacts with bromide ions in water to produces concentrations of the suspected carcinogen bromate.

For instance, it is possible to get a contact ion pairs formed from an alkyl halide in which the ions are not fully separated.

Positive and negative ions of the analyte are formed by reactions with this plasma.