Polymerization can proceed via either a free-radical or an ionic mechanism, converting the double to a single bond and forming single bonds to join the other monomers.

In a simplified view of an ionic bond, the bonding electron is not shared at all, but transferred.

If we take the simple valence bond structure and mix in all possible covalent and ionic structures arising from a particular set of atomic orbitals, we reach what is called the full configuration interaction wave function.

It can be then seen that the simple molecular orbital approach gives too much weight to the ionic structures, while the simple valence bond approach gives too little.

The attraction of the differently charged sodium and chlorine ions is the reason they then form an ionic bond.

According to valence bond theory, of which Pauling was a notable proponent, this " additional stabilization " of the heteronuclear bond is due to the contribution of ionic canonical forms to the bonding.

Pauling obtained it by noting that bond can be approximately represented as a quantum mechanical superposition of covalent bond and two ionic bond-states.

The covalent energy of a bond is approximately, by quantum mechanical calculations, the geometric mean of the two energies of covalent bonds of the same molecules ( which is approximately equal to the arithmetic mean-which is applied in the first formula above-as the energies are of the similar value, except for the highly electropositive elements i. e. when there is a larger difference of two dissociation energies, but the geometric mean is more accurate and almost always gives a positive excess energy, due to ionic bonding ), and there is an additional energy that comes from ionic factors, i. e. polar character of the bond.

Thus, an ionic bond is considered a bond where the ionic character is greater than the covalent character.

The larger the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms involved in the bond, the more ionic ( polar ) the bond is.

The formation of an ionic bond proceeds when the atom of an element ( usually metal ), whose ionization energy is low, releases some of its electron ( s ) to achieve a stable electron configuration and after releasing some of its electron ( s ) the atom becomes a cation.

The electrostatic attraction between these two entities forms the ionic bond. it is formed to attain stable octate structure.

Electrostatic interaction between the two atoms forms an ionic bond.

In an ionic bond, the atoms are bound by attraction of opposite ions, whereas, in a covalent bond, atoms are bound by sharing electrons to attain stable electron configurations.

Whereas the usual organic surface-active agent is strongly sorbed at oil - water interfaces, the highly charged ions are most strongly sorbed at interfaces between water and insoluble materials exhibiting an ionic structure ( see Table 26-2 on p. 1678 ).

That ionic suffix is dropped and replaced with a new suffix ( and sometimes prefix ), according to the table below.

In the IUPAC naming system, " aqueous " is simply added to the name of the ionic compound.

Chemically, astatine behaves more or less as a halogen, being expected to form ionic astatides with alkali or alkaline earth metals ; it is known to form covalent compounds with nonmetals, including other halogens.

The color of amethyst has been demonstrated to result from substitution by irradiation of trivalent iron ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >) for silicon in the structure, in the presence of trace elements of large ionic radius, and, to a certain extent, the amethyst color can naturally result from displacement of transition elements even if the iron concentration is low.

In chemistry, an alkali (; from Arabic: al-qaly القلي, القالي ) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal element.

The atom is also the smallest entity that can be envisaged to retain the chemical properties of the element, such as electronegativity, ionization potential, preferred oxidation state ( s ), coordination number, and preferred types of bonds to form ( e. g., metallic, ionic, covalent ).

Calcium is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the human body, where it is a common cellular ionic messenger with many functions, and serves also as a structural element in bone.

The CsCl structure is preferred because Cs < sup >+</ sup > has an ionic radius of 174 pm and 181 pm.

In continuum mechanics a body is considered stress-free if the only forces present are those inter-atomic forces ( ionic, metallic, and van der Waals forces ) required to hold the body together and to keep its shape in the absence of all external influences, including gravitational attraction.

A column of the ionic order is nine or lower diameters.

The naming of ionic carbides is not systematic.

For historical reasons, many point defects, especially in ionic crystals, are called centers: for example a vacancy in many ionic solids is called a luminescence center, a color center, or F-center.

A vacancy ( or pair of vacancies in an ionic solid ) is sometimes called a Schottky defect.

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor ( a metal or a semiconductor ) and an ionic conductor ( the electrolyte ), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution.

Formally, oxidation state is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100 % ionic.

The simplest ionic conduction path is to provide a liquid junction.

For type I binary ionic compounds the metals used have to be from Group 1, 2, or Al < sup > 3 +</ sup >, Zn < sup > 2 +</ sup >, Ag < sup >+</ sup >.

A specialized type of membrane can be used as an " ionic pump " to move humidity into or out of a sealed enclosure, operating at a molecular level without involving visible liquid water.

An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte ( an ionic conducting liquid ) as one of its plates to achieve a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types, but with performance disadvantages.

In general, a postsynaptic potential is dependent on the type and combination of receptor channel, reverse potential of the postsynaptic potential, action potential threshold voltage, ionic permeability of the ion channel, as well as the concentrations of the ions in and out of the cell ; this determines if it is excitatory or inhibitory.

* Deionized water ( DI water ), a type of water deprived of the dissolved impurities of ionic nature

Based on the type of bonding between the metals and the cyclopentadienyl moieties, cyclopentadienyl complexes are classified into the following three categories: a ) π-complexes, b ) σ-complexes, and c ) ionic complexes.

The bond triangle shows that ionic, metallic and covalent bonds are not just particular bonds of a specific type.

The detailed conditions depend on the type of virus or bacteria being assayed since certain pH values and ionic strengths can impact the activity of the proteins of interest in a difficult to predict manner.

While this type of stabilization is intuitive for intrachain interactions, rather than interchain interactions, scientists have proposed that perhaps the switch from intrachain salt bridges formed by acidic and basic residues to the interchain ionic associations contributes to the assembly of the filament.

The ionic type tends to create a high osmolality in blood and may cause a contrast media reaction in some individuals, which may be life-threatening for those with certain medical conditions.

The ionic mechanism of oxidative addition is similar to the SN < sub > 2 </ sub > type in that it involves the stepwise addition of two distinct ligand fragments.

A type I binary ionic compound contains a metal ( cation ) that forms only one type of ion.

A type II ionic compound contains a metal that forms more than one type of ion, i. e., ions with different charges.

Each annexin core contains one type II, also known as an annexin type, calcium binding site ; these binding sites are the typical location of ionic membrane interactions.

A deep eutectic solvent or DES is a type of ionic solvent with special properties composed of a mixture which forms a eutectic with a melting point much lower than either of the individual components.