The British Statute of Anne 1710 and the Statute of Monopolies 1623 are now seen as the origins of copyright and patent law respectively.

Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service and a lack of viable substitute goods.

Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations such that one or a few of the entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers ( monopoly ), suppliers ( monopsony ) and the other companies ( oligopoly ) in a game theoretic manner – meaning that expectations about their behavior affects other players ' choice of strategy and vice versa.

:: Economies of scale: Monopolies are characterised by decreasing costs for a relatively large range of production.

Monopolies are often in a position to reduce prices below a new entrant's operating costs and thereby prevent them from continuing to compete.

Monopolies and oligopolies are often accused of, and sometimes found guilty of, anti-competitive practices.

Later, MTL was bought by Arriva, but was required by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission to divest some of its Liverpool operations ; these are now operated by the Stagecoach Group.

Later, MTL was bought by Arriva, but was required by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission to divest some of its Liverpool operations ; these are now operated by the Stagecoach Group.

* Monopolies are illegal ( Section 22 )

Monopolies are often regulated, especially those that are difficult to abolish ( natural monopoly ).

The statute followed the unanimous decision in Darcy v. Allein 1602, also known as the Case of Monopolies, of the King's bench to declare void the sole right that Queen Elizabeth I had granted to Darcy to import playing cards into England.

The practice was continued until the Statute of Monopolies was enacted in 1623, ending most monopolies, with certain exceptions, such as patents ; after 1623, grants of Letters patent to publishers became common.

Chris R. Kyle, writing in the Journal of Legal History, notes that this is not the case ; not only did the Statute of Monopolies only restate the previous common law, leading to no infringement upon the Royal Prerogative, James I was in the later stages of the bill supportive of its principles.

In 1623 Parliament passed the Statute of Monopolies, which for the most part excluded patent rights from its prohibitions, as well as guilds.

Edward Darcy Esquire v Thomas Allin of London Haberdasher ( 1599 ) 74 ER 1131 ( also spelled as " Allain " or " Allen " and " Allein " but most widely known as the Case of Monopolies ), was an early landmark case in English law, establishing that the grant of exclusive rights to produce any article was improper ( monopoly ).

* May 25-The Parliament of England passes the Statute of Monopolies, requiring patent monopolies to show novelty.

Constitution Alteration ( Nationalisation of Monopolies ) 1912 sought to give the Commonwealth Parliament power to make laws with respect to monopolies.

Constitution Alteration ( Nationalisation of Monopolies ) 1919 sought to extend the government's power to legislate monopolies.

During his time as an MP he wrote and campaigned for the Statute of Monopolies, which substantially restricted the ability of the monarch to grant patents, and authored and was instrumental in the passage of the Petition of Right, a document considered one of the three crucial constitutional documents of England, along with the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689.

In 1968, a failed attempt at merger with Barclays Bank and Martins Bank was deemed to be against the public interest by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission.

The granting of these patents was highly popular with the monarch, both before and after the statute of Monopolies, because of the potential for raising revenue.

Sections 4 and 5 provided that if anyone was interfered with 40 days after the Statute of Monopolies was passed due to a patent or monopoly, any goods seized or persons imprisoned would be returned to their owners and released respectively.

DeConcini also served on the Senate Judiciary Committee and chaired the Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks, along with the Subcommittees on Antitrust, Monopolies and Business Rights, the Constitution and the Courts.

Although Air Europe eventually failed to merge with British Caledonian, its management succeeded in having the rival BA bid referred to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission ( MMC ), a forerunner of today's Competition Commission, by claiming that this deal would destroy the UK's entire independent airline sector if approved without requiring BA to make any concessions to redress the resulting competitive imbalance.

Other works include Monopolies of Loss ( 1992 ) and The Darker Proof: Stories from a Crisis ( 1987 ), which was co-written with Edmund White.

* with Alan Campbell and Neil Elles, The Law of Restrictive Practices and Monopolies ( 2nd edn London, Sweet and Maxwell 1966 )

A Monopolies Commission report in 1967 concluded that Pilkington and Triplex operations were efficient and entrepreneurial and, despite their high share of the UK glass trade, operated in a manner suited to consumers ' best interests.

Monopolies may be allowed to persons for their own productions in literature and their own inventions in the arts for a term not exceeding — years but for no longer term and no other purpose.

This held until 1954 when it was challenged by the government Monopolies Commission.

Monopolies can be established by a government, form naturally, or form by mergers.

Monopolies derive their market power from barriers to entry – circumstances that prevent or greatly impede a potential competitor's ability to compete in a market.

Monopolies have relatively high barriers to entry.

Monopolies produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs.

P & O objected and forced the issue to the British Monopolies and Mergers Commission.

Historically, he was a highly influential judge ; within England and Wales, his statements and works were used to justify the right to silence, while the Statute of Monopolies is considered to be one of the first actions in the conflict between Parliament and monarch that led to the English Civil War.

After passing on 12 May it was thrown out by the House of Lords, but a Statute of Monopolies was finally passed by Parliament on 25 May 1624.

Monopolies and taxation had engendered a widespread sense of grievance, and the costs of war in Ireland had become a heavy burden on the government.

In January 1986 the bid was referred to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission ( MMC ), whose report published in August advised against the merger.

From 1997 to 1999, Dyke served on the board at Manchester United as a non-executive director, and was the sole board member to oppose a takeover bid from Sky TV, which was subsequently rejected by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission.

* Monopolies, or preventing the abuse of firms ' dominant market positions.

In 1981, Biffen allowed Rupert Murdoch to buy The Times and The Sunday Times without reference to the Monopolies Commission.

This came about as a result of a loop hole in the Monopolies Act.