Monopolies can be established by a government, form naturally, or form by mergers.

Historically, he was a highly influential judge ; within England and Wales, his statements and works were used to justify the right to silence, while the Statute of Monopolies is considered to be one of the first actions in the conflict between Parliament and monarch that led to the English Civil War.

In 1968, a failed attempt at merger with Barclays Bank and Martins Bank was deemed to be against the public interest by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission.

Sections 4 and 5 provided that if anyone was interfered with 40 days after the Statute of Monopolies was passed due to a patent or monopoly, any goods seized or persons imprisoned would be returned to their owners and released respectively.

However, while the Monopolies and Mergers Commission cleared the Strathclyde / Kelvin Central merger, it found the Stagecoach stake in the combined company to be against the public interest.

Constitution Alteration ( Monopolies ) 1910 attempted to give the government the power to nationalise any corporation deemed by both houses of parliament to be a monopoly.

In 1955 in the UK, the Monopolies and Mergers Commission's report Collective Discrimination-A Report on Exclusive Dealing, Aggregated Rebates and Other Discriminatory Trade Practices recommended that resale price maintenance when collectively enforced by manufacturers should be made illegal, but individual manufacturers should be allowed to continue the practice.

The case has since come to be known as The Case of Monopolies, and the arguments set forth therein have served as the basis for modern antitrust and competition law.

In Australia, the system of granting patents in the Australian Colonies is based upon British law, and can be traced back to the English Statute of Monopolies of 1623.

A takeover bid by Lonrho was referred to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission and declared to be contrary to the public interest.

In 1981, Biffen allowed Rupert Murdoch to buy The Times and The Sunday Times without reference to the Monopolies Commission.

:: Economies of scale: Monopolies are characterised by decreasing costs for a relatively large range of production.

During his time as an MP he wrote and campaigned for the Statute of Monopolies, which substantially restricted the ability of the monarch to grant patents, and authored and was instrumental in the passage of the Petition of Right, a document considered one of the three crucial constitutional documents of England, along with the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689.

In 1623 Parliament passed the Statute of Monopolies, which for the most part excluded patent rights from its prohibitions, as well as guilds.

The granting of these patents was highly popular with the monarch, both before and after the statute of Monopolies, because of the potential for raising revenue.

The Statute of Monopolies dominated patent law for centuries ; the patent law of Australia is dominated by the Patents Act 1990, which states that one test for if something is patentable is if it is in " a manner of manufacture within the meaning of section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies ".

A takeover bid for De La Rue was made by the Rank Organisation plc in 1968 but this was rejected by the Monopolies commission as being against the public interest.

* The Monopolies and Mergers Commission's decision to require BA to give up 5, 000 annual slots at Gatwick to its competitors and to re-apply for some of British Caledonian's short haul feeder routes, as well as the subsequent decision of the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) to award these routes to rival airlines.

British Airways eventually bought out the stakes held by Videcom and British Caledonian in Travicom to become the sole owner and although Sabre's vice-president in London, David Schwarte, made representations to the US Department of Transportation and the British Monopolies Commission, BA defended the use of Travicom as a truly non-discriminatory system in flight selection because an agent had access to some 50 carriers worldwide, including Sabre, for flight information.

Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled ' Constitution Alteration ( Monopolies ) 1910 '?

Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled ' Constitution Alteration ( Nationalisation of Monopolies ) 1912 '?

Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled ' Constitution Alteration ( Nationalisation of Monopolies ) 1919 '?

This was incorporated into the Statute of Monopolies in which Parliament restricted the Crown's power explicitly so that the King could only issue letters patent to the inventors or introducers of original inventions for a fixed number of years.

Monopolies, monopsonies and oligopolies are all situations such that one or a few of the entities have market power and therefore interact with their customers ( monopoly ), suppliers ( monopsony ) and the other companies ( oligopoly ) in a game theoretic manner – meaning that expectations about their behavior affects other players ' choice of strategy and vice versa.

Monopolies derive their market power from barriers to entry – circumstances that prevent or greatly impede a potential competitor's ability to compete in a market.

A Monopolies Commission report in 1967 concluded that Pilkington and Triplex operations were efficient and entrepreneurial and, despite their high share of the UK glass trade, operated in a manner suited to consumers ' best interests.

In September 1965, Militant in issue no. 9 ran a front page article by Taaffe under the banner headline: " Nationalise the 400 Monopolies ".

Chris R. Kyle, writing in the Journal of Legal History, notes that this is not the case ; not only did the Statute of Monopolies only restate the previous common law, leading to no infringement upon the Royal Prerogative, James I was in the later stages of the bill supportive of its principles.

Consequently, UK patent law is no longer based on the Statute of Monopolies, but an amalgam of UK and European practices.

This held until 1954 when it was challenged by the government Monopolies Commission.

The British Statute of Anne 1710 and the Statute of Monopolies 1623 are now seen as the origins of copyright and patent law respectively.

Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service and a lack of viable substitute goods.

Monopolies are often in a position to reduce prices below a new entrant's operating costs and thereby prevent them from continuing to compete.

Monopolies have relatively high barriers to entry.

Monopolies produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs.

Monopolies are sometimes granted to state-controlled entities, such as the Royal Charter granted to the East India Company, or privileged bargaining rights to unions ( labor monopolies ) with very partisan political interests.

P & O objected and forced the issue to the British Monopolies and Mergers Commission.

After passing on 12 May it was thrown out by the House of Lords, but a Statute of Monopolies was finally passed by Parliament on 25 May 1624.

Monopolies and taxation had engendered a widespread sense of grievance, and the costs of war in Ireland had become a heavy burden on the government.

The practice was continued until the Statute of Monopolies was enacted in 1623, ending most monopolies, with certain exceptions, such as patents ; after 1623, grants of Letters patent to publishers became common.

Monopolies and oligopolies are often accused of, and sometimes found guilty of, anti-competitive practices.

In January 1986 the bid was referred to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission ( MMC ), whose report published in August advised against the merger.

From 1997 to 1999, Dyke served on the board at Manchester United as a non-executive director, and was the sole board member to oppose a takeover bid from Sky TV, which was subsequently rejected by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission.

* Monopolies, or preventing the abuse of firms ' dominant market positions.

* May 25-The Parliament of England passes the Statute of Monopolies, requiring patent monopolies to show novelty.

This came about as a result of a loop hole in the Monopolies Act.