Following at the Battle of Uhud in 625, it is said that after killing Hamzah ibn Abdu l-Muṭṭalib, his liver was consumed by Hind bint ‘ Utbah ( the wife of Abû Sufyan ibn Harb one of the commanders of the Qurayš army ) who later reportedly converted to Islam and became the mother of Muawiyah I founder of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate.

He is succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali but abdicated the Caliph to Muawiyah I.

* Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated ; with his assassination the Rashidun Caliphate ends and Muawiyah I founds the Umayyad caliphate.

* Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I is succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah.

However, after the turmoil occurred they would say, ‘ Name for us your narrators .’ So the people of the Sunnah would have their hadith accepted and the people of innovation would not .” The turmoil referred to is the conflicting ideologies of the Kharijites and extreme Shias that had emerged at the time of the third khalifas Uthman ibn Affan's assassination and the social unrest of the Kharijites in opposition to the succeeding rulers, Ali and Muawiyah.

Muawiyah is brother-in-law to Muhammad who married his sister Ramlah bint Abi-Sufyan in 1AH.

Muawiyah I is a reviled figure in Shia Islam for several reasons.

This sort of act is widely regarded as blasphemy and desecration of God's word, and Shia scholars condemn Muawiyah for it, arguing such a practice would today be condemned by Sunni Muslims just as much as Shia Muslims.

In Muslim Shia books there is story about the Emperor with the Hasan ibn Ali and Yazid I when he asked the two leaders Ali & Muawiyah to bring the best of their sons to do knowledge tests to them, it happened between 660-662.,

The first four Caliphs were elected in this fashion as Sunni Muslims believed Muhammad had originally intended before Muawiyah, the fifth caliph, turned the Caliphate into what is known as the Umayyad Dynasty, a hereditary monarchy.

Mu ‘ āwīyyah or Muawiyah or Muaawiya () is a male Arabic given name with disputed meaning, commonly know meaning is-A young dog or fox.

Most historians consider Caliph Muawiyah ( 661 – 80 ) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads ' right to rule on a dynastic principle.

Although Ali won the battle, the constant conflict had begun to affect his standing, and in the following years some Syrians seem to have acclaimed Muawiyah as a rival caliph.

After a week of combat was followed by a violent battle known as laylat al-harir ( the night of clamor ), Muawiyah's army were on the point of being routed when Amr ibn al-Aas advised Muawiyah to have his soldiers hoist mus ' haf ( either parchments inscribed with verses of the Quran, or complete copies of it ) on their spearheads in order to cause disagreement and confusion in Ali's army.

Negotiations failed and Muawiyah decided to march against Hasan's army of forty thousand with his own army, claimed to have numbered sixty thousand fighters.

Muawiyah did not comply with the terms of the treaty, saying to the people of Kufa, “ do you think I have taken power to teach you?

Muawiyah killed several historical figures, including the Sahaba Amr bin al-Hamiq, Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Malik al-Ashtar, Hujr ibn Adi ( to which the families of Abu Bakr and Umar condemned Muawiyah for, and the Sahaba deemed his killer to be cursed ) and Abd al-Rahman bin Hasaan ( buried alive for his support of Ali ).

Muawiyah was also responsible for instigating the Battle of Siffin, the bloodiest battle in Islam's history, in which over 70, 000 people ( among them many of the last surviving companions of the Prophet Muhammad ) were killed.

From the Shia point of view and that of many Sunnis-as has been recorded in Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, in a hadith narrated by Abdullah ibn Umar-Imam Hasan ibn Ali did not sign the treaty with Muawiyah because he liked him ; rather, he did so to prevent even worse bloodshed than had already happened at Siffin.

Hasan was distressed, understanding that the engagement of Muslims in a battle against each other would mean a loss of many: Muawiyah also had his concerns about being forced into a battle and sent two men from the Banu Quraish to negotiate a settlement.

After the Prophet Muhammad's death ( 632 ) Muawiyah served in the Islamic army sent against the Byzantine forces in Syria.

Aisha ( Aisha bint Abu Bakr ) ( Muhammad's widow ), Talhah ( Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah ) and Al-Zubayr ( Abu ‘ Abd Allah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ) were all in agreement with Muawiyah that those who assassinated Uthman should be brought to justice.

Sunni scholars interpret al-Hasan's willingness to abandon his claims to the caliphate in favor of Muawiyah as proof that al-Hasan, Muhammad's eldest and beloved grandson, did not go so far as to view Muawiyah an apostate, renegade or hypocrite.

Early Arabic sources credit two diwans in particular to Muawiyah: the Diwan al-Khatam ( Chancellery ) and the Barid ( Postal Service ), both of which greatly improved communications within the empire.

He reached the Danube and while the Byzantine capital Constantinople was besieged by Muawiyah I, Caliph of the Arabs ( 674 – 678 ), he and his people settled in the Danube delta, probably on the now disappeared Peuce Island.

Al-Nabigha ( Arabic: النابغة الذبياني / al-Nābighah al-Dhubiyānī ; real name Ziyad ibn Muawiyah ; c. 535 – c. 604 ), was one of the last Arabian poets of pre-Islamic times.

From the reign of Muawiyah I ( 661 – 680 ), raids intensified, as preparations were made for a great assault on Constantinople itself.

He later lived in Basra ( modern day Iraq ), and died in 682 in the last days of the reign of the caliph Muawiyah I.

Following this battle, Ali fought a battle against Muawiyah, known as the Battle of Siffin.

When the tide of the battle was turning in Ali's favor, Muawiyah stalled Ali's troops by raising the Qur ' an on the tip of a bloody spear as a sort of " holy book shield " against attack by Muslims.

Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, who had a long-running dispute with Ali, summoned the commanders of his forces in Syria, Palestine, and Transjordan to join him in preparation for battle.

* 657 – First Fitna: the Battle of Siffin see the troops led by Ali ibn Abi Talib and those led by Muawiyah I clashing.

Salamis was finally abandoned during the Arab invasions of the 7th century CE after destructions by Muawiyah I.

Sunni and Shia Islam Muslims see each other as heterodox, differing in practice mainly on matters of jurisprudence or fiqh, splitting historically on the matter of the succession of Ali to the caliphate by Muawiyah.

Muawiyah has a few rare virtues given to him by Prophet Mohammad, he was one of the prophet's clerks

A narration also tells that the Prophet prayed to God in favor of Muawiyah: " Allahumma ( O Allah ) guide him and guide people by him.

Muawiyah did not participate in the campaign by Aisha, Talhah and Al-Zubayr against Ali that ended in the Battle of the Camel.

Muawiyah governed the geographically and politically disparate Caliphate, which now spread from Egypt in the west to Iran in the east, by strengthening the power of his allies in the newly conquered territories.

Muawiyah died on May 6, 680, allegedly from a stroke brought on by his weight.

He was succeeded by his son Yazid I. Muawiyah had held the expanding empire together by force of his personality, through personal allegiances, in the style of a traditional Arab sheikh.

In accordance with the ways of Empire, Muawiyah favoured his Arab subjects over non-Arab Muslims ( the Mawalis )-the discriminatory treatment of non-Arab Muslims by the victorious Umayyad forces are documented by both Sunni and Shia sources as in the example below concerning Muawiyah's commands to his governor Ziyad ibn Abih.

Muawiyah had a personal library collection ( bayt al-hikmah ) that was enlarged by his successors " throughout the Umayyad period.

Finally, Muawiyah transformed the caliphate from a consensus system with some emphasis on religious qualification into a hereditary and monarchical one with no such stringent requirement, by designating his son Yazid as his successor.

He was also widely regarded as a tyrant and usurper by both Shia Arabs and Persians, who despite being ruled by Sunni Arabs and their vassals for centuries, ultimately found the egalitarian Shia creed more palatable than the oppressive, Arab-supremacist tribal rule of Muawiyah.