By inserting the energetic definitions of the ionization potential and electron affinity into the Mulliken electronegativity, it is possible to show that the Mulliken chemical potential is a finite difference approximation of the electronic energy with respect to the number of electrons., i. e.,

In 1925 and 1927, Mulliken traveled to Europe, working with outstanding spectroscopists and quantum theorists such as Erwin Schrödinger, Paul A. M. Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, and Walther Bothe ( all of whom eventually received Nobel Prizes ) and Friedrich Hund, who was at the time Born's assistant.

In 1927 Mulliken worked with Hund and as a result developed his molecular orbital theory, in which electrons are assigned to states that extend over an entire molecule.

By inserting the energetic definitions of the ionization potential and electron affinity into the Mulliken electronegativity, it is possible to show that the Mulliken chemical potential is a finite difference approximation of the electronic energy with respect to the number of electrons., i. e.,

In fact, Robert S. Mulliken, who was awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize in chemistry for molecular orbital theory, always proclaimed the great influence Hund's work had on his own and that he would have gladly shared the Nobel prize with Hund.

However, the work of Friedrich Hund, Robert Mulliken, and Gerhard Herzberg showed that molecular orbital theory provided a more appropriate description of the spectroscopic, ionization and magnetic properties of molecules.

This work underlies the concept of electronegativity equalization, which suggests that electrons distribute themselves around a molecule to minimize or to equalize the Mulliken electronegativity.

The term was introduced in 1939 by Robert S. Mulliken in the course of his work on UV spectroscopy of conjugated molecules.

His father, Samuel Parsons Mulliken, was a professor of organic chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

This method improves on the use of Mulliken population analysis.

Sanderson has also noted the relationship between Mulliken electronegativity and atomic size, and has proposed a method of calculation based on the reciprocal of the atomic volume.

Robert Mulliken, Chicago 1929, the third on the right.

Mulliken was particularly influenced by Hund, who had been working on quantum interpretation of band spectra of diatomic molecules, the same spectra which Mulliken had investigated at Harvard.

Mulliken population analysis is based on electron densities in molecules and is a way of dividing the density between atoms to give an estimate of atomic charges.

Mulliken charges arise from the Mulliken population analysis and provide a means of estimating partial atomic charges from calculations carried out by the methods of computational chemistry, particularly those based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method, and are routinely used as variables in linear regression ( QSAR ) procedures.

Mulliken observed that on adding alkyl groups to alkenes the spectra shifted to longer wavelengths.

Mulliken became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1936, the youngest member in the organization's history, at that time.

The Mulliken electronegativity of an atom is sometimes said to be the negative of the chemical potential.

* The Mulliken scale of chemical element electronegativity is developed by Robert S. Mulliken.

Many different models have been proposed throughout the history of quantum mechanics, but the most prominent system of nomenclature spawned from the Hund-Mulliken molecular orbital theory of Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, and contributions from Schrödinger, Slater and John Lennard-Jones.

The term " orbital " was coined by Robert Mulliken in 1932.

In chemistry, Schrödinger, Pauling, Mulliken and others noted that the consequence of Heisenberg's relation was that the electron, as a wave packet, could not be considered to have an exact location in its orbital.

Mulliken proposed that the arithmetic mean of the first ionization energy ( E < sub > i </ sub >) and the electron affinity ( E < sub > ea </ sub >) should be a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons.

The Mulliken electronegativity can only be calculated for an element for which the electron affinity is known, fifty-seven elements as of 2006.

The term " orbital " was first used in English by Robert S. Mulliken as the English translation of Schrödinger's ' Eigenfunktion '.

Molecular orbitals were first introduced by Friedrich Hund and Robert S. Mulliken in 1927 and 1928.

An alternative approach was developed in 1929 by Friedrich Hund and Robert S. Mulliken, in which electrons are described by mathematical functions delocalized over an entire molecule.

The Hund – Mulliken approach or molecular orbital ( MO ) method is less intuitive to chemists, but has turned out capable of predicting spectroscopic properties better than the VB method.

** Robert S. Mulliken, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1986 )

* Chemistry – Robert S. Mulliken

* October 31 – Robert S. Mulliken, American physicist and chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( b. 1896 )

Robert Sanderson Mulliken ForMemRS ( June 7, 1896 – October 31, 1986 ) was an American physicist and chemist, primarily responsible for the early development of molecular orbital theory, i. e. the elaboration of the molecular orbital method of computing the structure of molecules.

She helped him with the dishes, then he brought more water in from the spring before it got dark.

The men helped them gather their belongings and escorted them to Raton along with three other families desiring to leave.

Mrs. Child, true to her word, helped place Anna and her four children with a Quaker family named Hathaway near Canandaigua, New York.

She helped with teaching as well as office work for a few years -- the catalogues show that she had classes in geography, rhetoric and bookkeeping.

He hung up with a bang, annoyed at himself for running off at the mouth like that but still terribly concerned with the situation he had helped to create.

He had known when he first helped her to meet the right people and work with them that she did not intend to marry him.

Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and then assisted with the birth of Apollo, or that Artemis was born one day before Apollo, on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo.

Additionally, he further illustrates the human reaction towards the " absurd "; The Plague represents how the world deals with the philosophical notion of the Absurd, a theory which Camus himself helped to define.

The Roman Catholic celebration is associated with the doctrine that the souls of the faithful who at death have not been cleansed from the temporal punishment due to venial sins and from attachment to mortal sins cannot immediately attain the beatific vision in heaven, and that they may be helped to do so by prayer and by the sacrifice of the Mass.

Environmental issues helped form the basis of the nationalist independence movement when environmental demonstrations subsequently merged with those for other political causes in the late 1980s.

Alcott persuaded them to come to the United States with him ; Lane and his son moved into the Alcott house and helped with family chores.

If the slowing down of certain seismic waves caused by the damp spot helped uncover the underground ocean, the unusual temperature variation with depth measured in 241 inactive oil wells helped locate the subterranean river.

Scott also helped him with his first investments.

In 2001, an article by four doctors in Kidney International, the official journal of the International Society of Nephrology, noted that although to date there had been no controlled studies performed in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease with refractory pain, their personal observation in isolated cases indicated that the Alexander Technique helped relieve patients ' pain, particularly when accompanied with whirlpool treatments and massage therapy.

Blank helped resurrect the excitement in the Georgia Dome with added value to the fans with increased tailgating, parking, and entertainment and lower ticket prices.

The eleventh century Persian mathematician Omar Khayyám saw a strong relationship between geometry and algebra, and was moving in the right direction when he helped to close the gap between numerical and geometric algebra with his geometric solution of the general cubic equations, but the decisive step came later with Descartes.

The African musical focus on rhythmic singing and dancing was brought to the New World, where it became part of a distinct folk culture that helped Africans " retain continuity with their past through music ".

Dürer wrote of his desire to draw Luther in his diary in 1520: " And God help me that I may go to Dr. Martin Luther ; thus I intend to make a portrait of him with great care and engrave him on a copper plate to create a lasting memorial of the Christian man who helped me overcome so many difficulties.