As a result of the work of Étienne-Jules Marey and Eadweard Muybridge, many researchers in the late 19th century realized that films as they are known today were a practical possibility, but the first to design a fully successful apparatus was W. K. L. Dickson, working under the direction of Thomas Alva Edison.

The first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge some time between 1877 and 1880.

Eadweard James Muybridge (; 9 April 1830 – 8 May 1904 ) was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion and in motion-picture projection.

By 1860, Muybridge was a successful bookseller.

Muybridge was bodily ejected from the destroyed vehicle, and hit his head on a rock or other hard object.

In 1873, Muybridge was commissioned by the US Army to photograph the Modoc War against the Native Americans in northern California and Oregon.

Larkyns died that night, and Muybridge was arrested without protest and put in the Napa jail.

Five months after the trial, while Muybridge was in Central America, she became ill and died in 1875 at the age of 24.

Muybridge filed a lawsuit against Stanford to gain credit, but it was dismissed out of court.

Muybridge, looking elsewhere for funding, was more successful.

Recent scholarship has noted that in his later work, Muybridge was influenced by the French photographer Étienne-Jules Marey.

Muybridge was cremated, and his ashes were interred at Woking in Surrey.

In the late 1870s he was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement.

It was used as a demonstration device by Muybridge in his illustrated lecture ( the original preserved in the Museum of Kingston upon Thames in England ).

Eadweard Muybridge used still cameras placed along a racetrack, and each camera was actuated by a taut string stretched across the track ; as the horse galloped past, the camera shutters snapped, taking one frame at a time.

During its first 60 years, influential artists associated with the school included Eadweard Muybridge, photographer and pioneer of motion graphics ; Maynard Dixon, painter of San Francisco ’ s labor movement and of the landscape of the West ; Henry Kiyama, whose Four Immigrants Manga was the first graphic novel published in the U. S .; Sargent Claude Johnson, one of the first African-American artists from California to achieve a national reputation ; Louise Dahl-Wolfe, an innovative photographer whose work for Harper ’ s Bazaar in the 1930s defined a new American style of “ environmental ” fashion photography ; John Gutzon Borglum, the creator of the large-scale public sculpture known as Mt.

The second recorded instance of photographs capturing and reproducing motion was a series of photographs of a running horse by Eadweard Muybridge, which he captured in Palo Alto, California, using a set of still cameras placed in a row.

Remington was one of the first American artists to illustrate the true gait of the horse in motion ( along with Thomas Eakins ), as validated by the famous sequential photographs of Eadweard Muybridge.

His entry was based on the work Laundromat Locomotion, in which he converted a row of 12 washing machines in a laundromat into a series of cameras triggered by trip wires, and then rode a horse through the laundromat to recreate Eadweard Muybridge ’ s The Horse in Motion ( 1878 ).

Eadweard Muybridge was the first to prove, by photography, in 1872 that there is a " moment of suspension " or " unsupported transit " during the trot gait.

The English photographer Eadweard Muybridge carried out his " Photographic Investigation " in Palo Alto, California, to prove that Marey was right when he wrote that a galloping horse for a brief moment had all four hooves off the ground.

Muybridge was subsequently commissioned to photograph a variety of other moving subjects.

Chronophotographic inventions following those of the “ inventors of the cinema ” ( Muybridge, Marey, Demeny, and Anscutz ) became the foundations upon which cinematic film was created.

The lavish style of scientific illustration was followed in work on animal locomotion ( co-ordinated movement ) by Eadweard Muybridge ( 1830 – 1904 ) and James Bell Pettigrew ( 1832 – 1908 ); and-to a lesser extent-in D ' Arcy Thompson's masterpiece of mathematical biology On Growth and Form ( 1917 ).

He also used this as the name of his studio and made it the middle name for his only son, Florado Muybridge, born in 1874.

* Eadweard Muybridge, 19th century English photographer, born Edward James Muggeridge.

Images from all of the known seventy-one surviving zoopraxiscope discs have recently been reproduced in the book Eadweard Muybridge: The Kingston Museum Bequest ( The Projection Box, 2004 ).

However, Muybridge missed the boat and instead left San Francisco in July 1860 to travel overland by the southern route to the East Coast and then by ship back to England.

While recuperating in England and receiving treatment from Sir William Gull, Muybridge took up the new field of professional photography sometime between 1861 and 1866.

Muybridge often travelled back to England and Europe to publicise his work.

Eadweard Muybridge returned to his native England permanently in 1894.

At the Chicago 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, Muybridge gave a series of lectures on the Science of Animal Locomotion in the Zoopraxographical Hall, built specially for that purpose in the " Midway Plaisance " arm of the exposition.

Eadweard Muybridge gave a series of lectures on the Science of Animal Locomotion in the Zoopraxographical Hall, built specially for that purpose on Midway Plaisance.

In spite of early attempts to classify gaits based on footprints or the sound of footfalls, it wasn't until Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne-Jules Marey began taking rapid series of photographs that proper scientific examination of gaits could begin.

Muybridge is known for his pioneering work on animal locomotion in 1877 and 1878, which used multiple cameras to capture motion in stop-action photographs, and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the flexible perforated film strip used in cinematography.

While travelling on a photography expedition in the Spanish-speaking nations of Central America in 1875, the photographer advertised his works under the name " Eduardo Santiago Muybridge " in Guatemala.

In central Texas, Muybridge suffered severe head injuries in a violent runaway stagecoach crash which injured every passenger on board, and killed one of them.

By 1878, spurred on by Stanford to expand the experiments, Muybridge had successfully photographed a horse at a trot ; lantern slides have survived of this later work.

Muybridge planned to take a series of photos on 15 June 1878 at Stanford's Palo Alto Stock Farm.

Shortly after his acquittal in 1875, Muybridge left the United States on a previously planned 9-month photography trip to Central America, as a " working exile ".

Muybridge and Stanford had a major falling-out concerning his research on equine locomotion.

Eakins later favoured the use of multiple exposures on a single photographic negative to study motion more precisely, while Muybridge continued to use multiple cameras to produce separate images which could also be projected by his zoopraxiscope.

At the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, Muybridge presented a series of lectures on the " Science of Animal Locomotion " in the Zoopraxographical Hall, built specially for that purpose in the " Midway Plaisance " arm of the exposition.

Muybridge later claimed that on this occasion, six years before the first commercial motion picture exhibition, he proposed a scheme for sound cinema that would combine his image-casting zoopraxiscope with Edison's recorded-sound technology.

* 1878-Railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four of its feet off the ground.

Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope.

* 1891-Designed around the work of Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman, Thomas Edison's employee, William K. L. Dickson finishes work on a motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph, and a viewing machine, called the Kinetoscope.

) Muybridge later assembled the pictures into a rudimentary animation, by placing them on a glass disk which he spun in front of a light source.

He left behind him two unmade screenplays: Justified Sinner, an adaptation of James Hogg ’ s celebrated novel, and Flying Horse, based on the life of pre-cinema pioneer Eadweard Muybridge.