* Plant-incorporated protectants ( PIPs ) are insecticidal substances produced by plants after genetic modification.

During World War II there was a marked increase in the pesticide market, as wartime research and development produced many chemicals with newly discovered insecticidal properties.

* 1948 – Swiss chemist Paul Müller is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the insecticidal properties of DDT.

They were once used to keep moths away, owing to the leaf's lauric acid content that gives it insecticidal properties.

During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal proteins ( proteinaceous inclusions ), called δ-endotoxins, that have insecticidal action.

Many crystal-producing Bt strains, though, do not have insecticidal properties.

Upon sporulation, B. thuringiensis forms crystals of proteinaceous insecticidal δ-endotoxins ( called crystal proteins or Cry proteins ), which are encoded by cry genes.

For example, Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) is a soil bacterium that produces a protein with insecticidal qualities.

Traditionally, a fermentation process has been used to produce an insecticidal spray from these bacteria.

First synthesized in 1874, DDT's insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939, and it was used with great success in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops.

First synthesized in 1874 by Othmar Zeidler, DDT's insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939 by the Swiss scientist Paul Hermann Müller, who was awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his efforts.

While DDT's chemical and insecticidal properties were important factors in these victories, advances in application equipment coupled with a high degree of organization and sufficient manpower were also crucial to the success of these programs.

* Smoke from the burning leaves is said to be insecticidal.

Synthetic pesticides allowed for use on organic farms include insecticidal soaps and horticultural oils for insect management ; and Bordeaux mixture, copper hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate for managing fungi.

In addition, Monsanto invented and sells agricultural seeds that are genetically modified to make a crystalline insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, known as Bt.

In India, oil from the deodar cedar ( Cedrus deodara, a true cedar ) has been shown to possess insecticidal and antifungal properties and to have some potential for control of fungal deterioration of spices during storage.

The insecticidal properties of the best known representative of this class of insecticides, DDT, was made by the Swiss Scientist Paul Müller.

To mimic the insecticidal activity of the natural compound pyrethrum another class of pesticides, pyrethroid pesticides, has been developed.

Ricinine has some insecticidal effects on three insect pests as well as a hepatoprotective activity.

Modern pharmacology studies demonstrated that its crude extracts and active compounds possess wide pharmacological actions, especially in antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant, insecticidal, analgesic, sedative and convulsive activities.

The oil from the rind has strong insecticidal properties.

For either of these insecticidal chemicals to be effective, they need to be placed with the clothing in a sealed container so the vapors can build up and kill the moths.

C. coccineum also contains insecticidal pyrethrum substances, but it is a poor source compared to C. cinerariifolium.

Bufotenin, an alkaloid from some toads, contains an indole core and is produced in living organisms from the amino acid tryptophan.

Belladonna tinctures, decoctions, and powders, as well as alkaloid salt mixtures, are still produced for pharmaceutical use, and these are often standardised at 1037 parts hyoscyamine to 194 parts atropine and 65 parts scopolamine.

As well as seizures there can be hallucinations resembling those produced by LSD ( lysergic acid diethylamide, to which the ergot alkaloid ergotamine is an immediate precursor and therefore shares some structural similarities ), although ergot's hallucinations more strongly resemble a delirious and psychotic state, whereas LSD is not psychotomimetic.

Ergotamine is a secondary metabolite ( natural product ) and the principal alkaloid produced by the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea, and related fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.

The unique alkaloid produced has been named pseudo-phrynamine ( Daly et al.

Since then, several more efficient quinine total syntheses have been achieved, but none of them can compete in economic terms with isolation of the alkaloid from natural sources.

Vincristine, extracted from Vinca rosea L. ( current name Catharanthus roseus ), is a type of chemotherapy called a vinca alkaloid used to treat some leukemias, lymphomas and childhood cancers, as well as several other types of cancer and some non-cancerous conditions.

Gramine ( also called donaxine ) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species.

Some species in the Ephedra genus have no alkaloid content and are therefore essentially inert ; however, the most commonly used species, E. sinica, has a total alkaloid content of 1 – 3 % by dry weight.

Ephedrine constitutes 40 – 90 % of the alkaloid content, with the remainder consisting of pseudoephedrine and the demethylated forms of each compound.

Sabir Yunusovich Yunusov () ( March 18, 1909 in Tashkent – November 29, 1995 in Tashkent ) was a Soviet and Uzbek chemist, known for his research in alkaloid chemistry.

Natural variations in plant alkaloid content and profiles also affect the final concentration of alkaloids in the brew, and the physical act of cooking may also serve to modify the alkaloid profile of harmala alkaloids.

The first complete synthesis of an alkaloid was achieved in 1886 by the German chemist Albert Ladenburg.

Some macrobiotic practitioners also discourage the use of nightshades because of the alkaloid solanine, thought to affect calcium balance.

Morphine is the most abundant alkaloid found in opium, the dried sap ( latex ) derived from shallowly slicing the unripe seedpods of the opium, or common and / or edible, poppy, Papaver somniferum.

Morphine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with two additional ring closures.

Morphine meconate is a major form of the alkaloid in the poppy, as is morphine pectinate, nitrate and some others.

Closely related to morphine are the opioids morphine-N-oxide ( genomorphine ), which is a pharmaceutical that is no longer in common use ; and pseudomorphine, an alkaloid that exists in opium, form as degradation products of morphine.

Opium contains approximately 12 % morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade.

Potato fruit contains large amounts of the toxic alkaloid solanine and is therefore unsuitable for consumption.

Papaverine, an opium alkaloid, has been reported to act as a PDE10 inhibitor.

Quinine (, or ) is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic ( fever-reducing ), antimalarial, analgesic ( painkilling ), and anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste.

An infamous alkaloid derived from Solanaceae is nicotine.

Two combined receptor / ion channel proteins control the transport of calcium: the InsP < sub > 3 </ sub >- receptor that transports calcium upon interaction with inositol triphosphate on its cytosolic side and the ryanodine receptor named after the alkaloid ryanodine, similar to the InsP < sub > 3 </ sub > receptor but having a feedback mechanism that releases more calcium upon binding with it.

Scopolamine, also known as levo-duboisine and hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug with muscarinic antagonist effects.

The alkaloid nicotine is the most characteristic constituent of tobacco and is responsible for its addictive nature.

Most modern formulations of opium tincture do not contain the alkaloid narcotine ( also known as noscapine ), which has antitussive properties.

Mescaline or 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class, known for its mind-altering effects similar to those of LSD and psilocybin.

Coca is best known throughout the world for its psychoactive alkaloid, cocaine.

However, the alkaloid content of coca leaves is negligible: between. 25 % and. 77 %, and production of cocaine from coca requires complex chemical processes.

The pharmacologically active ingredient of coca is the coca alkaloid, which is found in the amount of about 0. 3 to 1. 5 %, averaging 0. 8 %, in fresh leaves.